Exam 1 - Module 2 - Study Guide Flashcards
What are the 3 components of physiologic stress
1 - enlargement of the adrenal gland
2 - decreased lymphocyte levels in the blood from damage to lymphatic structure of the immune system
3 - development of bleeding ulcers in the stomach and duodenal lining
GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
when physiologic stress impairs the ability of the organism to resist future stressors and represents the hallmark pattern of nonspecific stress response
3 stages of GAS
1 - alarm stage - the secretion of hormones and catecholamines to prepare for emergency reaction
2 - resistance or adaptation stage - mobilization of the body’s resource to handle sustained challenge
3 - exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) - over activation of the adaptive systems. leads to stress-related disorders
sympathetic nervous system SNS
fight or flight
what does the SNS release
epinephrine , norepinephrine, and cortisol
these hormones rapidly mobilize the resources necessary to prepare the brain for fight of flight
allostatic overload
exhaustion - occurs when the protective physiologic regulatory systems are taxed by chronic, persistent exposure to threat and no longer able to adapt to the current new stressors
explain the hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal (HPA) axis
Stress activates the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which binds to receptors on anterior pituitary cells, which, in turn, produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
ACTH is then released into blood and transported to the adrenal glands located on the top of the kidneys.
After binding to receptors on the cortex of the adrenal glands, the glucocorticoid (GC) hormone, primarily cortisol (cortisol is known outside the body as hydrocortisone), is released and reaches all tissues, including the brain.
what are some of the function that cortisol effects
1 - carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - body holds onto fat
2 - protein metabolism
3 - anti-inflammatory effects
4 - lipid metabolism
5 - immune effects
6 - digestive function - promotes gastric secretion
7 - urinary function - excess secretion of calcium
what are some disorders linked to high cortisol
- obesity
- sleep deprivation
- lipid abnormalities
- hypertension
- diabetes
- atherosclerosis
- loss of bone density
What effect to catecholamines have on the body
- brain - increase blood flow; increased glucose metabolism (do NOT cross the blood-brain barrier)
- cardiovascular - increased hear rate and force, vasoconstriction
- pulmonary - bronchodilation
- skeletal muscle - increased glycogenolysis, increased contraction
- liver - increased glucose production
- skin - decreased blood flow
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest, slows the heart rate
what does the renal system consist of
the kidneys
what is the primary function of the kidneys
maintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism.
where are the kidneys located
posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum.
what is the outer layer of the kidney
cortex
what is the inner part of the kidney and what does it consist of
medulla
consists of pryamids
what part of the kidneys receive urine form the collecting ducts
minor and major calyces
how many lobes are in each kidney
14-18
what is the kidney lobe
structural unit of the kidney
what is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
what is contraction of the bladder called
micturition (urination)
what are the stymptoms assocaited wiht Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB)
- involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscles resulting in urge incontinence
- more common in females 65 and older
which medication put you at risk of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)
diuretics
antidepressants
alpha- agonists
beta-antagonists
sedatives
anticholinergics
analgesics
What is neurogenic bladder
term for bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorder.
what is usually prescribed for a neurogenic bladder
bethanechol chloride - it is a cholinergic agent that stimulates the bladder to empty.
what is a urinary tract infection (UTI)
inflammation of the epithelium (mucosa) usually caused by bacteria from gut flora
cystitis
inflammation of the lower urinary bladder
what are the 2 most common infection micororganisms for a UTI
1 - escherichia coli - most common
2 - staphyloccous saprophyticus
what are the symptoms of cystitis
frequency of urination
urgency of urination
dysuria (painful urination)
low back pain
what is the treatment for cystitis
antibiotic drug therapy
pyelonephritis
infection of the upper urinary tracts
agonist
drugs that help the system. they activate a receptor and produce a response.
example - increases heart rate
antagonist
prevent something from happening. they prevent receptor activation and block a response
example - hear rate slows down
adrenergic
something that stimulates the SNS
Sympathomimetics
Adrenergic Agonists - they mimic or stimulate the SNS.
Sympatholytic
adrenergic antagonists - they prevent the SNS from working
The SNS is also called what
the adrenergic system
what are 2 adrenergic agonists
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
what are the 4 main adrenergic receptors
alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
what does the alpha1 receptor do
heart -
increase cardiac contractility
vasoconstriction - BP gets higher
dilates pupils (mydriasis)
increases bladder relaxation and urinary spinchter contraction
what does the alpha2 receptor do
breathing
- inhibits the release of norepinephrine
- dialates blood vessels (decrease BP)
- vasodilation
- decrease GI motility and tone
what does the beta1 receptor do
heart
- increase cardiac contractility
- increases BP and heart rate
what doe the beta2 receptor do
breathing
- bronchodilation
- decreases GI tone and motility (gastrointestinal and uterine relaxation)
- relaxes smooth muscles of the uterus
- increase in blood glucose
what kind of response to catecholamines produce
sympathomimetic response
what are 3 drug examples of catecholamines
epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine
Cholinergic
something that stimulates the PNS
what is the main adrenergic antagonists drug we need to know
atenolol
Parasympathomimetic
aka cholinergic agonists or cholinergics
they mimic or PNS - they help the rest and digest
parasympatholytic
aka cholinergic antagonists or anticholinergics- they prevent the rest and digest
what is the main PNS neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh)
what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors
muscarinic receptors - stimulate smooth muscle and slow the heart rate
nicotinic receptors - affect the skeletal muscles
what are direct acting cholinergic agonists
they act on receptors to activate a tissue response
what are indirect acting cholinergic agonists
they inhibit the action of they enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and are also called acetycholinesterase (AChE)
what is a drug example of a direct acting cholinergic agonist
bethanechol chloride - a direct acting cholinergic agonist
what are the main effects of choliergic agonists
- decreased heart rate
- lower BP
- increased tone and motility of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines
- contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder
- increased pupillary constriction
- increase salivation, perspiration and tears
- stimulation of the bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased bronchial secretions
What is an indirect acting cholinergic antagonist (anticholinergic)
atropine
what is the group of drugs call the prevent bacterial growth in kidneys and bladder
urinary antiseptics/antiinfectives - not effective for systemic infections
bacteriostatic effect
inhibit bacterial growth
bactericidal
have a bacteria killing effect
urinary analgesics
relive pain and burning in the urinary tract
urinary stimulants
increase the tone of urinary muscles
anitcholinesterase
prevents a cholergenic response
what are the main action an adrenergic agonists produces
- eyes dilate
- lungs dilate
- increase heart rate
- vessels constrict and blood pressure gets higher
