Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3196 - Patho/Pharm - Exam 1 > Exam 1 - Module 2 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Module 2 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of physiologic stress

A

1 - enlargement of the adrenal gland
2 - decreased lymphocyte levels in the blood from damage to lymphatic structure of the immune system
3 - development of bleeding ulcers in the stomach and duodenal lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GAS (general adaptation syndrome)

A

when physiologic stress impairs the ability of the organism to resist future stressors and represents the hallmark pattern of nonspecific stress response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 stages of GAS

A

1 - alarm stage - the secretion of hormones and catecholamines to prepare for emergency reaction

2 - resistance or adaptation stage - mobilization of the body’s resource to handle sustained challenge

3 - exhaustion stage (allostatic overload) - over activation of the adaptive systems. leads to stress-related disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sympathetic nervous system SNS

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the SNS release

A

epinephrine , norepinephrine, and cortisol
these hormones rapidly mobilize the resources necessary to prepare the brain for fight of flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

allostatic overload

A

exhaustion - occurs when the protective physiologic regulatory systems are taxed by chronic, persistent exposure to threat and no longer able to adapt to the current new stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain the hypothalamic-pitutary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

Stress activates the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which binds to receptors on anterior pituitary cells, which, in turn, produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

ACTH is then released into blood and transported to the adrenal glands located on the top of the kidneys.

After binding to receptors on the cortex of the adrenal glands, the glucocorticoid (GC) hormone, primarily cortisol (cortisol is known outside the body as hydrocortisone), is released and reaches all tissues, including the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some of the function that cortisol effects

A

1 - carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - body holds onto fat
2 - protein metabolism
3 - anti-inflammatory effects
4 - lipid metabolism
5 - immune effects
6 - digestive function - promotes gastric secretion
7 - urinary function - excess secretion of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some disorders linked to high cortisol

A
  • obesity
  • sleep deprivation
  • lipid abnormalities
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • atherosclerosis
  • loss of bone density
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What effect to catecholamines have on the body

A
  • brain - increase blood flow; increased glucose metabolism (do NOT cross the blood-brain barrier)
  • cardiovascular - increased hear rate and force, vasoconstriction
  • pulmonary - bronchodilation
  • skeletal muscle - increased glycogenolysis, increased contraction
  • liver - increased glucose production
  • skin - decreased blood flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest, slows the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the renal system consist of

A

the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the primary function of the kidneys

A

maintain a stable internal environment for optimal cell and tissue metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the outer layer of the kidney

A

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the inner part of the kidney and what does it consist of

A

medulla
consists of pryamids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what part of the kidneys receive urine form the collecting ducts

A

minor and major calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many lobes are in each kidney

A

14-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the kidney lobe

A

structural unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is contraction of the bladder called

A

micturition (urination)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the stymptoms assocaited wiht Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB)

A
  • involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscles resulting in urge incontinence
  • more common in females 65 and older
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which medication put you at risk of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)

A

diuretics
antidepressants
alpha- agonists
beta-antagonists
sedatives
anticholinergics
analgesics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is neurogenic bladder

A

term for bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is usually prescribed for a neurogenic bladder

A

bethanechol chloride - it is a cholinergic agent that stimulates the bladder to empty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

inflammation of the epithelium (mucosa) usually caused by bacteria from gut flora

26
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the lower urinary bladder

27
Q

what are the 2 most common infection micororganisms for a UTI

A

1 - escherichia coli - most common
2 - staphyloccous saprophyticus

28
Q

what are the symptoms of cystitis

A

frequency of urination
urgency of urination
dysuria (painful urination)
low back pain

29
Q

what is the treatment for cystitis

A

antibiotic drug therapy

30
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection of the upper urinary tracts

31
Q

agonist

A

drugs that help the system. they activate a receptor and produce a response.

example - increases heart rate

32
Q

antagonist

A

prevent something from happening. they prevent receptor activation and block a response

example - hear rate slows down

33
Q

adrenergic

A

something that stimulates the SNS

34
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Adrenergic Agonists - they mimic or stimulate the SNS.

35
Q

Sympatholytic

A

adrenergic antagonists - they prevent the SNS from working

36
Q

The SNS is also called what

A

the adrenergic system

37
Q

what are 2 adrenergic agonists

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

38
Q

what are the 4 main adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2

39
Q

what does the alpha1 receptor do

A

heart -
increase cardiac contractility
vasoconstriction - BP gets higher
dilates pupils (mydriasis)
increases bladder relaxation and urinary spinchter contraction

40
Q

what does the alpha2 receptor do

A

breathing
- inhibits the release of norepinephrine
- dialates blood vessels (decrease BP)
- vasodilation
- decrease GI motility and tone

41
Q

what does the beta1 receptor do

A

heart
- increase cardiac contractility
- increases BP and heart rate

42
Q

what doe the beta2 receptor do

A

breathing
- bronchodilation
- decreases GI tone and motility (gastrointestinal and uterine relaxation)
- relaxes smooth muscles of the uterus
- increase in blood glucose

43
Q

what kind of response to catecholamines produce

A

sympathomimetic response

44
Q

what are 3 drug examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

45
Q

Cholinergic

A

something that stimulates the PNS

45
Q

what is the main adrenergic antagonists drug we need to know

A

atenolol

46
Q

Parasympathomimetic

A

aka cholinergic agonists or cholinergics
they mimic or PNS - they help the rest and digest

47
Q

parasympatholytic

A

aka cholinergic antagonists or anticholinergics- they prevent the rest and digest

48
Q

what is the main PNS neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

49
Q

what are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic receptors - stimulate smooth muscle and slow the heart rate

nicotinic receptors - affect the skeletal muscles

50
Q

what are direct acting cholinergic agonists

A

they act on receptors to activate a tissue response

51
Q

what are indirect acting cholinergic agonists

A

they inhibit the action of they enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) and are also called acetycholinesterase (AChE)

52
Q

what is a drug example of a direct acting cholinergic agonist

A

bethanechol chloride - a direct acting cholinergic agonist

53
Q

what are the main effects of choliergic agonists

A
  • decreased heart rate
  • lower BP
  • increased tone and motility of smooth muscle in the stomach and intestines
  • contraction of the muscles of the urinary bladder
  • increased pupillary constriction
  • increase salivation, perspiration and tears
  • stimulation of the bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased bronchial secretions
54
Q

What is an indirect acting cholinergic antagonist (anticholinergic)

A

atropine

55
Q

what is the group of drugs call the prevent bacterial growth in kidneys and bladder

A

urinary antiseptics/antiinfectives - not effective for systemic infections

56
Q

bacteriostatic effect

A

inhibit bacterial growth

57
Q

bactericidal

A

have a bacteria killing effect

58
Q

urinary analgesics

A

relive pain and burning in the urinary tract

59
Q

urinary stimulants

A

increase the tone of urinary muscles

60
Q

anitcholinesterase

A

prevents a cholergenic response

61
Q

what are the main action an adrenergic agonists produces

A
  • eyes dilate
  • lungs dilate
  • increase heart rate
  • vessels constrict and blood pressure gets higher

3196 - Patho/Pharm - Exam 1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions