Exam 1 material cont. Flashcards
Terms: contralateral
other side
Term: ipsilateral
same side
term: hemiparesis
reduced function on half of body
term: hemiplegic
no function on half of body
term: paraplegic
no function in arms or legs
term: quadriplegic
no function in both arms and legs
Lateral corticospinal tract
does voluntary movement
***Major motor pathway
Anterior corticospinal tract
does postural control
***Major motor pathway
Rubrospinal tract
does flexor posture of upper limbs
***Major motor pathway
Vestibulospinal tract
does balance
***Major motor pathway
Reticulospinal tract
does automatic gait/posture movements
***Major motor pathway
Tectospinal tract
possibly coordinates eye/body movement
***Major motor pathway
Cerebral cortex (7 areas/things it does)
1) primary motor cortex (direct stim lower motor neurons)
2) premotor cortex (involved in planning and selecting movement)
3) supplemental motor area (involved in planning internally-cued movement)
4) somatotopic organization
- medial/superior: legs
- dorsal: hands/arms
- lateral: face
5) controls contralateral body
6) controls large groups of muscles
7) hands/face are in different vascular distribution from legs
White matter pathways (4)
1) corona radiata
- occasionally damaged in surgery/stroke
2) internal capsule
- fibers spatially close together
- possible to hit both arms and legs simultaneously
3) cerebral peduncles
4) somatotopic orgainzation
- lateral: legs
- medial: face/arms
Corticobulbar tract path
1) terminates in brainstem nuclei
2) controls motor movement to face
3) mostly bilateral innervation
4) facial nucleus (facial motor control)
- upper face = bilateral innervation
- lower face =
- -unilateral contralateral innervation
- - fibers cross in pons before facial nucleus
Lateral corticospinal tract (path)
1) decussates in medullary pyramids
2) controls movement of extremities
3) continues down lateral column of spinal cord
Anterior corticospinal tract (path)
1) does NOT decussate - remains in anterior columns
2) controls axial muscles (posture)
3) commissural projections connect both sides
Rubrospinal tract (path)
1) starts at red nucleus, ends in cervical cord
2) decussates in ventral tegmental area (midbrain)
3) continues in lateral cervical cord
4) controls flexor tone of upper limbs
5) involved in decorticate posturing (ie., flexor posturing)
Vestibulospinal tract (path)
1) starts at vestibular nuclei
2) medial vestibulospinal tract
a. projects to cervical spinal cord
b. controls head movement
c. stabilizes head while body moves (steadycam)
3) lateral vestibulospinal tract
a. projects to entire cord, proximal muscles
b. controls balance
Reticulospinal tract (path)
1) starts in reticular formation, ends in entire cord
* automatic gait/posture movements
Tectospinal tract (path)
1) starts in superior colliculus, ends in whole spine
* possibly motor systems w/ eye movement coordination
Cerebrocerebellum
- Lateral hemispheres
- involved in extremity movement
Spinocerebellum
- Medial (including vermis)
- involved in posture
Vestibulocerebellum
- inferior
- integrate movement with eyes
Deep nuclei
- imbedded within cerebellar white matter
- input from cerebellum cortex
- primary output of cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar peduncles
- Efferent (output) tract
- Projects to cortex (via thalamus) and superior colliculus
- Fibers decussate (projects to contralateral cortex)
Middle cerebellar peduncles
- Afferent (input) tract
- Receives input from contralateral pontine nuclei
- Input originates in the cortex (contralateral)
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
- Afferent/efferent tracts
- Projects to brainstem nuclei
- Receives input from brainstem nuclei and spine (ipsilateral)
Connectivity input (cortex via where? , etc., ipsilateral or contralateral?)
- Cortex via pontine nuclei, and middle cerebellar peduncle
- Spinal cord and vestibular nuclei via inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Input from ipsilateral side of body
Connectivity output (cortex via where? , etc., ipsilateral or contralateral?)
- Cortex via thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle
- Brainstem nuclei through inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Output to ipsilateral side of body
Cerebellar circuitry
- input cells
- integration cells
- output cells
Input cells:
a. Mossy fibers
b. Granule
Integration cells:
a. Basket
b. Stellate
c. Golgi
Output cells:
a. PurkinjeI dont know what this means so just read the other side! (pathology stuff?)
- Cerebellar ataxia
a. Cerebrocerebellum: limb dysmetria
b. Spinocerebellum: ataxic gait
c. Vestibulocerebellum: nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex - Contributions to speech
In regards to muscles….
somatic motor system uses what?
Autonomic uses what?
Somatic: striated skeletal muscles
Autonomic: smooth or cardiac muscles
Sympathetic various functions
i. “Fight or flight” response
ii. Pupillary dilation
iii. Blood vessel constriction
iv. Heart rate increase
v. Bronchial relaxation
vi. Inhibition of digestion
vii. Causes ejaculation/orgasm
Parasympathetic various functions
i. “Rest and digest” response
ii. Pupillary constriction
iii. Stimulates salivation
iv. Blood vessel dilation to intestines
v. Slows heart rate
vi. Stimulates digestion
vii. Causes penile/clitoral erection
What is/are the preganglionic neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors)
What is/are the postganglionic neurotransmitter(s)?
- Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors)
- Sympathetic: Norepinephrine
Hypothalamus regulates these various functions involved in homeostatic control
i. Blood flow / vascular tone
ii. Energy metabolism / appetite
iii. Reproductive system
iv. Fight or flight response
v. Sleep cycles
Hypothalamus output
- Direct neural projections to activate autonomic ganglia
- Hormonal release from pituitary
