Exam 1 material cont.

Question 1

Terms: contralateral

Answer 1

other side

Question 2

Term: ipsilateral

Answer 2

same side

Question 3

term: hemiparesis

Answer 3

reduced function on half of body

Question 4

term: hemiplegic

Answer 4

no function on half of body

Question 5

term: paraplegic

Answer 5

no function in arms or legs

Question 6

term: quadriplegic

Answer 6

no function in both arms and legs

Question 7

Lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 7

does voluntary movement

***Major motor pathway

Question 8

Anterior corticospinal tract

Answer 8

does postural control

***Major motor pathway

Question 9

Rubrospinal tract

Answer 9

does flexor posture of upper limbs

***Major motor pathway

Question 10

Vestibulospinal tract

Answer 10

does balance

***Major motor pathway

Question 11

Reticulospinal tract

Answer 11

does automatic gait/posture movements

***Major motor pathway

Question 12

Tectospinal tract

Answer 12

possibly coordinates eye/body movement

***Major motor pathway

Question 13

Cerebral cortex (7 areas/things it does)

Answer 13

1) primary motor cortex (direct stim lower motor neurons)
2) premotor cortex (involved in planning and selecting movement)
3) supplemental motor area (involved in planning internally-cued movement)
4) somatotopic organization
- medial/superior: legs
- dorsal: hands/arms
- lateral: face
5) controls contralateral body
6) controls large groups of muscles
7) hands/face are in different vascular distribution from legs

Question 14

White matter pathways (4)

Answer 14

1) corona radiata
- occasionally damaged in surgery/stroke
2) internal capsule
- fibers spatially close together
- possible to hit both arms and legs simultaneously
3) cerebral peduncles
4) somatotopic orgainzation
- lateral: legs
- medial: face/arms

Question 15

Corticobulbar tract path

Answer 15

1) terminates in brainstem nuclei
2) controls motor movement to face
3) mostly bilateral innervation
4) facial nucleus (facial motor control)
- upper face = bilateral innervation
- lower face =
- -unilateral contralateral innervation
- - fibers cross in pons before facial nucleus

Question 16

Lateral corticospinal tract (path)

Answer 16

1) decussates in medullary pyramids
2) controls movement of extremities
3) continues down lateral column of spinal cord

Question 17

Anterior corticospinal tract (path)

Answer 17

1) does NOT decussate - remains in anterior columns
2) controls axial muscles (posture)
3) commissural projections connect both sides

Question 18

Rubrospinal tract (path)

Answer 18

1) starts at red nucleus, ends in cervical cord
2) decussates in ventral tegmental area (midbrain)
3) continues in lateral cervical cord
4) controls flexor tone of upper limbs
5) involved in decorticate posturing (ie., flexor posturing)

Question 19

Vestibulospinal tract (path)

Answer 19

1) starts at vestibular nuclei
2) medial vestibulospinal tract
a. projects to cervical spinal cord
b. controls head movement
c. stabilizes head while body moves (steadycam)
3) lateral vestibulospinal tract
a. projects to entire cord, proximal muscles
b. controls balance

Question 20

Reticulospinal tract (path)

Answer 20

1) starts in reticular formation, ends in entire cord

* automatic gait/posture movements

Question 21

Tectospinal tract (path)

Answer 21

1) starts in superior colliculus, ends in whole spine

* possibly motor systems w/ eye movement coordination

Question 22

Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 22

• Lateral hemispheres

- involved in extremity movement

Question 23

Spinocerebellum

Answer 23

• Medial (including vermis)

- involved in posture

Question 24

Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 24

• inferior

- integrate movement with eyes

Question 25

Deep nuclei

Answer 25

- imbedded within cerebellar white matter - input from cerebellum cortex - primary output of cerebellum

Question 26

Superior Cerebellar peduncles

Answer 26

- Efferent (output) tract - Projects to cortex (via thalamus) and superior colliculus - Fibers decussate (projects to contralateral cortex)

Question 27

Middle cerebellar peduncles

Answer 27

- Afferent (input) tract - Receives input from contralateral pontine nuclei - Input originates in the cortex (contralateral)

Question 28

Inferior cerebellar peduncles

Answer 28

- Afferent/efferent tracts - Projects to brainstem nuclei - Receives input from brainstem nuclei and spine (ipsilateral)

Question 29

Connectivity input (cortex via where? , etc., ipsilateral or contralateral?)

Answer 29

- Cortex via pontine nuclei, and middle cerebellar peduncle - Spinal cord and vestibular nuclei via inferior cerebellar peduncle - Input from ipsilateral side of body

Question 30

Connectivity output (cortex via where? , etc., ipsilateral or contralateral?)

Answer 30

- Cortex via thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle - Brainstem nuclei through inferior cerebellar peduncle - Output to ipsilateral side of body

Question 31

Cerebellar circuitry - input cells - integration cells - output cells

Answer 31

``` Input cells: a. Mossy fibers b. Granule Integration cells: a. Basket b. Stellate c. Golgi Output cells: a. Purkinje ```

Question 32

I dont know what this means so just read the other side! (pathology stuff?)

Answer 32

- Cerebellar ataxia a. Cerebrocerebellum: limb dysmetria b. Spinocerebellum: ataxic gait c. Vestibulocerebellum: nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex - Contributions to speech

Question 33

In regards to muscles.... somatic motor system uses what? Autonomic uses what?

Answer 33

Somatic: striated skeletal muscles Autonomic: smooth or cardiac muscles

Question 34

Sympathetic various functions

Answer 34

i. “Fight or flight” response ii. Pupillary dilation iii. Blood vessel constriction iv. Heart rate increase v. Bronchial relaxation vi. Inhibition of digestion vii. Causes ejaculation/orgasm

Question 35

Parasympathetic various functions

Answer 35

i. “Rest and digest” response ii. Pupillary constriction iii. Stimulates salivation iv. Blood vessel dilation to intestines v. Slows heart rate vi. Stimulates digestion vii. Causes penile/clitoral erection

Question 36

What is/are the preganglionic neurotransmitter?

Answer 36

Acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors)

Question 37

What is/are the postganglionic neurotransmitter(s)?

Answer 37

- Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors) | - Sympathetic: Norepinephrine

Question 38

Hypothalamus regulates these various functions involved in homeostatic control

Answer 38

i. Blood flow / vascular tone ii. Energy metabolism / appetite iii. Reproductive system iv. Fight or flight response v. Sleep cycles

Question 39

Hypothalamus output

Answer 39

- Direct neural projections to activate autonomic ganglia | - Hormonal release from pituitary