Exam 1 material Flashcards
What are the three main divisions of the brain? Excluding the spinal cord.
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
What makes up the prosencephalon (forebrain)?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What falls under the telencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres cerebral cortex subcoritical white matter basal ganglia basal forebrain nuclei
What falls under the Diencephalon?
hypothalamus
thalamus
epithalamus
What makes up the mesencephalon (midbrain)?
Cerebral peduncles
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum
What are the 2 branches of the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and what falls under each?
Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Myelencephalon (medulla)
Directions in brain. Flip at midbrain. what are they above and below the midbrain?
Below: for ease going in order of North East South West …Rostral (nose), Dorsal (back), Caudal (tail), Ventral (front)
Above: rotate the below 90 degrees counterclockwise.
directions of planes
Horzontal plane (axial) sagittal plane coronal plane (frontal)
Classical neuron anatomy arrangement
Dendrites -> cell body -> axon -> synapse to other dendrites
multiple orientations and configurations
Main functions of Glia cells (4)
- supportive of neurons
- maintain nutrition
- manage waste
- balance ions
*they interact on different levels to form synaptic connections.
Types of Glia cells
Astrocytes
oligodendrocytes / schwann cells
Ependymal cells
microglia
Astrocytes (functions)
encase synapse, regulate chemical environment
Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells (functions)
Oligo: CNS myelin. have multiple arms
Schwann: PNS myelin
Ependymal cells (functions)
Cerebral spinal fluid, lines central canal and spinal cord
Microglia (functions)
just like macrophages, but in the brain.
immune stuff.
Glutamate (excite or inhibit?)
Excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA (excite or inhibit?)
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Muscles / Autonomic
receptor types: Nicotinic and Muscarinic
Norepinephrine
Sympathetic
Neuromodulation: What 2 neurotransmitters?
Dopamine (motor system…)
Seratonin (mood)
Cord segmentation
- segmented from development
- four groups
- Cord ends around L1, then caudal equina
Ventral vs dorsal roots
Ventral (front) roots - motor
Dorsal (back) roots - sensory
White and gray matter in regards to brain and spinal cord.
in brain, white is on the inside.
flips in spinal cord (white on outside)
White vs gray matter
White = mostly fat , myelin gray = mostly cell bodies