Exam 1: Lecture 1 Flashcards
Eukaryote
-has nucleus that houses genome of cell and provides a compartment for several cellular functions
Genome
- refers to the full complement of chromosomes
- somatic human cell genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes
- 22 pairs autosomes, 1 pair sex
Process in Nucleus
- DNA replication
- correction of replication errors
- repair damaged DNA
- transcription (gene regulation)
- RNA splicing
- RNA editing
Processes in Cytoplasm
- translation (mRNA to protein)
- protein modification
- energy production
- signal transduction (cell surface to nucleus)
DNA Replication
-mistakes happen every so often that encodes for wrong amino acid–>later complications, so processes have evolved to fix these mistakes
Transcription
- differentiates between cells
- genes kept on/off different for each type of cell
RNA Splicing
-exons only thing that are helpful for coding proteins so introns are spliced out
RNA Editing
-enzyme comes trhough –>diversity
Babylonian Times
- if child born with birth defect it was killed
- if second child born with same birth defect the parents were killed
- suggests understanding that parents contributed to physical traits of offspring
Israeli Talmud
- Rabbis forbade circumcision of male if two elder brothers bled to death because of the procedure
- did allow male cousins to be circumcised under similar conditions
- suggested understanding of hemophilia being transmitted from mother to son (X linked)
Alcmaeon
- first person to dissect bodies for research
- developed Theory of Pangenesis
Theory of Pangenesis
- males and females create “pangenes” in every organ
- these genes moved through the blood to genital sand on to children
- blood-relative derived from this theory
Hippocrates
- Hippocratic Oath
- proposed that “seeds” were produced in every organ and transmitted to off spring during intercourse
Aristotle
-thought that male and female “semen” mixed during intercourse
Theophrastus
-propose that male flowers cause female flowers to ripen
2nd Century Greeks
-used water and filled glass spheres to magnify things
Magnifying Glasses
-first described by Seneca and Pliny the Elder in 1st century AD
First Microscope
- produced in 1590 by Zaccharis Janssen and Hans Lippershey, Dutch spectacle makers
- put forward principles that are now the basis of all madern light microscopes and telescopes
- developed first compound microscope–>object magnified twice, once by objective lens and second by viewing lens
Anton Leeuwenhoek
-built improved microscope and humans were able to see bacterial cells, yeast cells, and circulating blood cells
Robert Hooke
-coined term “cell” when looking at plant tissue
Cell Theory
- developed by Matthaid Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
- all living organisms made of cells
- cells are the smallest living things (know now isn’t true–>viruses and bacteriaphages)
- new cells arise from existing cells
Germ Plasm Theory
- disproves Theory of Pangenesis
- developed by August Weismann
- cut tails off mice and mated them together for 22 generations and none of progeny had missing tails
- concluded that hereditary material could not come from each organ or tissue but must come from within a germ cell
Blending Theory of Inheritance.
- idea is than value of any single inherited trait could only be within the upper and lower values of the same trait that were established by the two parents
- short individual mates with tall individual, progeny would be intermediate height
- disproved by Mendel’s pea plant experiment
Gregor Johann Mendel
- mated phenotypically different pea plants and analyzed the physical appearance of progeny
- progeny contained traits that were similar to either parental plant
Law of Independent Segregation
- refers to the behavior of alleles of the same gene
- Mendel’s experiments with pea plants indicated that an individual only transmits one copy of each gene to each offspring. Thus the two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
- refers to the segregating behavior of alleles of 2 different genes
- only applies to genes located on different chromosomes
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- proposed by Walter Sutton
- this theory connected Gregor Mendel’s statistical laws of heredity with studies of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycle
- also proposes the traits are controlled by genes and that these genes are located on chromosomes. and that each chromosome will contain more than one gene
