Exam 1: Lecture 1

Question 1

Eukaryote

Answer 1

-has nucleus that houses genome of cell and provides a compartment for several cellular functions

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

• refers to the full complement of chromosomes
• somatic human cell genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 22 pairs autosomes, 1 pair sex

Question 3

Process in Nucleus

Answer 3

• DNA replication
• correction of replication errors
• repair damaged DNA
• transcription (gene regulation)
• RNA splicing
• RNA editing

Question 4

Processes in Cytoplasm

Answer 4

• translation (mRNA to protein)
• protein modification
• energy production
• signal transduction (cell surface to nucleus)

Question 5

DNA Replication

Answer 5

-mistakes happen every so often that encodes for wrong amino acid–>later complications, so processes have evolved to fix these mistakes

Question 6

Transcription

Answer 6

• differentiates between cells

- genes kept on/off different for each type of cell

Question 7

RNA Splicing

Answer 7

-exons only thing that are helpful for coding proteins so introns are spliced out

Question 8

RNA Editing

Answer 8

-enzyme comes trhough –>diversity

Question 9

Babylonian Times

Answer 9

• if child born with birth defect it was killed
• if second child born with same birth defect the parents were killed
• suggests understanding that parents contributed to physical traits of offspring

Question 10

Israeli Talmud

Answer 10

• Rabbis forbade circumcision of male if two elder brothers bled to death because of the procedure
• did allow male cousins to be circumcised under similar conditions
• suggested understanding of hemophilia being transmitted from mother to son (X linked)

Question 11

Alcmaeon

Answer 11

• first person to dissect bodies for research

- developed Theory of Pangenesis

Question 12

Theory of Pangenesis

Answer 12

• males and females create “pangenes” in every organ
• these genes moved through the blood to genital sand on to children
• blood-relative derived from this theory

Question 13

Hippocrates

Answer 13

• Hippocratic Oath

- proposed that “seeds” were produced in every organ and transmitted to off spring during intercourse

Question 14

Aristotle

Answer 14

-thought that male and female “semen” mixed during intercourse

Question 15

Theophrastus

Answer 15

-propose that male flowers cause female flowers to ripen

Question 16

2nd Century Greeks

Answer 16

-used water and filled glass spheres to magnify things

Question 17

Magnifying Glasses

Answer 17

-first described by Seneca and Pliny the Elder in 1st century AD

Question 18

First Microscope

Answer 18

• produced in 1590 by Zaccharis Janssen and Hans Lippershey, Dutch spectacle makers
• put forward principles that are now the basis of all madern light microscopes and telescopes
• developed first compound microscope–>object magnified twice, once by objective lens and second by viewing lens

Question 19

Anton Leeuwenhoek

Answer 19

-built improved microscope and humans were able to see bacterial cells, yeast cells, and circulating blood cells

Question 20

Robert Hooke

Answer 20

-coined term “cell” when looking at plant tissue

Question 21

Cell Theory

Answer 21

• developed by Matthaid Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
• all living organisms made of cells
• cells are the smallest living things (know now isn’t true–>viruses and bacteriaphages)
• new cells arise from existing cells

Question 22

Germ Plasm Theory

Answer 22

• disproves Theory of Pangenesis
• developed by August Weismann
• cut tails off mice and mated them together for 22 generations and none of progeny had missing tails
• concluded that hereditary material could not come from each organ or tissue but must come from within a germ cell

Question 23

Blending Theory of Inheritance.

Answer 23

• idea is than value of any single inherited trait could only be within the upper and lower values of the same trait that were established by the two parents
• short individual mates with tall individual, progeny would be intermediate height
• disproved by Mendel’s pea plant experiment

Question 24

Gregor Johann Mendel

Answer 24

• mated phenotypically different pea plants and analyzed the physical appearance of progeny
• progeny contained traits that were similar to either parental plant

Question 25

Law of Independent Segregation

Answer 25

• refers to the behavior of alleles of the same gene
• Mendel’s experiments with pea plants indicated that an individual only transmits one copy of each gene to each offspring. Thus the two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring.

Question 26

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 26

• refers to the segregating behavior of alleles of 2 different genes
• only applies to genes located on different chromosomes

Question 27

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Answer 27

• proposed by Walter Sutton
• this theory connected Gregor Mendel’s statistical laws of heredity with studies of the mitotic and meiotic cell cycle
• also proposes the traits are controlled by genes and that these genes are located on chromosomes. and that each chromosome will contain more than one gene