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Anatomy Lecture + Lab > Exam 1 Flashcards > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is muscle tissue made of?

A

Specialized cells, known as muscle fibers, that response to stimulation by changing shape through contraction or elongation.

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2
Q

How does muscle tissue change in response to stimulation?

A

It undergoes internal structural changes that shorten the cells and the overall muscle, causing contraction.

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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscle discussed?

A

1) Thermoregulation
2) Maintaining posture
3) Mobility/Body Movements
4) Controls the movement of material through the body

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4
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The muscles are able to contract and produce heat to warm the body. This is what shivering is.

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5
Q

How do we get goosebumps?

A

There are muscles that attach to the hairs on the skin. When these muscles contract, the hairs stand up and we get goosebumps.

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6
Q

How do muscles help with posture?

A

We are constantly contracting and relaxing muscles to hold the body up.

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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8
Q

What are 3 names we use to describe muscle cells?

A

Myocytes, myofibers, or muscle fibers.

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9
Q

How do the 3 types of muscle differ?

A

They differ in their structure and the way in which they function.

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10
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

Throughout the body, most are attached to bones.

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11
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

Under voluntary control, it helps us with movement and thermoregulation.

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12
Q

What is a distinguishable feature of skeletal muscle?

A

It is under conscious/voluntary control.

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13
Q

What do skeletal muscles look like?

A

1) Very long, cylindrical cells
2) Striations
3) Multi-nucleated cells with the nuclei near the outside of the cell.

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14
Q

Why are skeletal muscles multi-nucleated?

A

Multiple cells will fuse and work together as one cell to perform functions.

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15
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

GI tract, urinary tract, vascular tissues, etc.

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16
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Under involuntary control, contraction causes controlled movement of material.

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17
Q

What does smooth muscle look like?

A

1) Short, fusiform (spindle-shaped)
2) Flat pancake cells that lack striations
3) Single nucleus in the middle of the cell

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18
Q

When the pupil of the eye dilates and constricts, what type of muscle is responsible for this?

A

Smooth muscle.

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19
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

Only found in the muscle of the heart or what we call the myocardium.

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20
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Under involuntary control, it contracts the heart to pump blood.

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21
Q

What does cardiac muscle look like?

A

1) Short, bifurcated cells
2) Striations
3) One or two nuclei located in the middle of the cell.
4) Intercalated discs

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22
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Specialized junctions between cells that allow for rapid transport of impulse across cells.

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23
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Smooth

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25
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Cardiac

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26
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Cardiac, there are some striations and there is a bifurcated shape.

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27
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Smooth, there are no striations, there are pancake cells, and single, central nuclei.

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28
Q

What type of muscle is this?

A

Skeletal, there are many striations and there are multiple nuclei on the edge of the cell.

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29
Q

What is the organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest?

A

Muscle (largest), fascicle, muscle fiber/myocyte (smallest).

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30
Q

What are whole muscles comprised of?

A

Fascicles

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31
Q

What are muscle fascicles comprised of?

A

Muscle fibers / myocytes

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32
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle.

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33
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fascicles.

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34
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers / myocytes.

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35
Q

What is the breakdown of the word epimysium?

A

epi- “upon”, mysium- “muscle”

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36
Q

What is the breakdown of the word perimysium?

A

peri- “around”, mysium- “muscle”

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37
Q

What is the breakdown of the word endomysium?

A

endo- “within”, mysium- “muscle”

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38
Q

How do muscles move bone?

A

Muscles travel over at least one joint and bring the insertion point to the origin point.

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39
Q

Why must muscles travel over at least one joint?

A

This is necessary for contraction of the muscle to move the bone.

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40
Q

What are the names for the two places of attachment?

A

Insertion and origin.

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41
Q

What is the origin of attachment?

A

The less mobile and more proximal muscle attachment of the two.

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42
Q

What is the insertion of attachment?

A

The more mobile and more distal muscle attachment of the two.

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43
Q

When a muscle contracts, what is the movement of the insertion and origin?

A

The insertion point is moving towards the origin.

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44
Q

Generally, at least how many places do muscles attach?

A

Most muscles attach in at least 2 places.

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45
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

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46
Q

What direction are tendons pulled in?

A

Pulled in the direction that the collagen fibers are traveling in.

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47
Q

What 3 things do muscle groups have in common?

A

1) Similar function (actions) and/or,
2) Similar innervation and/or,
3) Similar blood supply

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48
Q

What is a joint?

A

The place of contact/articulation between two or more bones.

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49
Q

What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?

A

More mobility or more planes of motion = Less stable

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50
Q

What are 2 ways we increase the stability of a joint?

A

1) Muscular support
2) Ligamentous attachment

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51
Q

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

A

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

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52
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

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53
Q

What is the definition of fibrous joints?

A

Bones connected by dense regular connective tissue.

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54
Q

What is the definition of cartilaginous joints?

A

Bones connected by plates of cartilage.

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55
Q

What is the definition of synovial joints?

A

Articular capsule with joint cavity.

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56
Q

What type of joint structural classification are the ones we most commonly think of and name some examples?

A

Synovial, these are joints like the wrist, elbow, shoulder, and knee.

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57
Q

What are the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints?

A

Gomphosis, sutures, and syndesmosis.

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58
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphysis.

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59
Q

What are the 6 subcategories of synovial joints?

A

Planar, hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar, and ball & socket.

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60
Q

Define the features of Gomphosis joints and list the example.

A

1) Immobile
2) Comprised of small amounts of dense connective tissue.

Ex: Connects tooth to bone socket of your jaw (periodontal ligaments)

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61
Q

Define the features of Sutures joints and list the example.

A

1) Immobile
2) Comprised of small amounts of dense connective tissue

Ex: Skull bones.

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62
Q

When would we expect Sutures joints to be mobile?

A

When we are being delivered as babies, the skull gets a little deformed, so we want some mobility.

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63
Q

Why are the squiggly lines of Sutures joints important?

A

They increase the surface area and make the bones more securely attached.

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64
Q

Define the features of Syndesmosis joints and list 2 examples.

A

1) Slightly mobile to allow for some shifting between the bones.
2) Large amounts of dense connective tissue.

Ex: Interosseous membranes between the radius-ulna and tibia-fibula.

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65
Q

What are interosseous membranes?

A

A syndesmosis that connects 2 bones along their lengths, keeping them next to each other while allowing for some movement.

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66
Q

Define the features of Synchondrosis joints and give 2 examples.

A

1) Immobile
2) Connected by Hyaline cartilage

Ex: 1st rib-manubrium (between 1st rib & top part of sternum called the manubrium) and epiphyseal plates.

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67
Q

What are epiphyseal plates?

A

Growth plates, which are temporary joints that ossify when we become skeletally mature (done growing).

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68
Q

How are Synchondrosis and Symphysis joints different?

A

They differ in the type of cartilage present.

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69
Q

Define the features of Symphysis joints and give 2 examples.

A

1) Slightly mobile
2) Connected by fibrocartilage

Ex: Pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

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70
Q

Why is it important for Symphysis joints to be slightly mobile?

A

We need some spine movement and our pelvis needs to be slightly mobile for us to undergo labor/delivery of baby.

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71
Q

What is pubic symphysis?

A

At the front of our pelvis where the pelvic bones are coming together.

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72
Q

What happens to our Symphysis joints as we age?

A

Because both of these areas are supporting a lot of our body weight, these spaces will narrow over time.

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73
Q

Describe the characteristics of Synovial joints.

A

1) Very mobile, ligaments/muscles are providing stability
2) Articular capsule with joint cavity
3) Articular hyaline cartilage

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74
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

A joint capsule that surrounds the ends of the bones coming together.

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75
Q

What 2 things make up the articular capsule?

A

1) A fibrous capsule as an outer layer to provide support/protection.
2) A synovial membrane as an inner layer to line the joint cavity and to secrete synovial fluid.

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76
Q

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

A

It is a slippery fluid that provides lubrication and nourishment for the joints.

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77
Q

Where is the articular hyaline cartilage in a joint?

A

It lines the ends of the bones where articulation occurs.

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78
Q

Why would ligaments/muscles be really important for Synovial joints?

A

Synovial joints are very mobile, so we need to provide stability to them through ligaments and muscles.

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79
Q

Describe Planar joints and give 2 examples.

A

Non-axial, meaning no rotation, just gliding.

Ex: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints. These are the spaces between the bones in your hands and feet.

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80
Q

Describe Hinge joints and give 3 examples.

A

Uni-axial, meaning one axis of rotation (think of hinges on a door).

Ex: Elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints (joints between bones that make up the fingers).

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81
Q

Describe Pivot joints and give 2 examples.

A

Uni-axial, rotation of a bone relative to the bone next to it.

Ex: Radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint.

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82
Q

Describe Condylar joints and give 3 examples.

A

Bi-axial, meaning that it moves in 2 planes.

One bone has a convex shape at the end of the bone and the other has a concave shape at the end of the bone.

Ex: Wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints, and metacarpophalangeal joints.

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83
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?

A

Gomphosis joint which is a fibrous joint. The line is pointing at periodontal ligaments.

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84
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what are the arrows pointing at?

A

Sutures joint which is a fibrous joint. The arrows are pointing at the joints keeping the skull bones together.

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85
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?

A

Syndesmosis joint which is a fibrous joint. The line is pointing at the interosseous membrane.

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86
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the blue representing?

A

Synchondrosis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The blue is showing the hyaline cartilage of the 1st rib-manubrium.

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87
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?

A

Synchondrosis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at the epiphyseal plate.

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88
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?

A

Symphysis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at pubic symphysis, where the pubic bones come together.

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89
Q

What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?

A

Symphysis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at the intervertebral discs in the spine.

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90
Q

What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?

A

Planar joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your intercarpal & intertarsal joints.

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91
Q

What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?

A

Hinge joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your elbow, knee, or interphalangeal joints.

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92
Q

What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?

A

Pivot joints which are synovial joints. This would be like the radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint.

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93
Q

What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?

A

Condylar joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints, and metacarpophalangeal joints.

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94
Q

Describe the characteristics of saddle joints. List an example.

A

Biaxial, meaning there are 2 axes of rotation.

Ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

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95
Q

If both condylar and saddle joints are biaxial, then what is the difference between the two?

A

They differ in the structure of the bony parts at the point of articulation and thus their specific movements are different.

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96
Q

What type of sub-joint and joint type is this? Name an example.

A

Saddle joint, type of synovial joint. This could be the thumb 1st carpometacarpal joint.

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97
Q

Describe the characteristics of ball & socket joint. Name 2 examples.

A

Multiaxial, where there are 3 axes of rotation.

Ex: Shoulder and hip joints

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98
Q

What are the 3 axes of rotation in a ball & socket joint?

A

Forward/backward, side/side, and rotation.

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99
Q

What sub-type and type of joint has the most mobility?

A

Ball & socket, synovial joint.

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100
Q

What type of sub-joint and joint is this? Name 2 examples with this.

A

Ball & socket, synovial joint. This could be the shoulder and hip joints.

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101
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Movement that decreases angle at a joint. Usually an anterior movement.

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102
Q

What is extension?

A

Movement that increases the angle at a joint. Usually a posterior movement.

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103
Q

What is the exception to flexion being anterior and extension being posterior?

A

Knee and foot.

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104
Q

When we talk about flexion and extension, what plane and body position are we discussing?

A

Sagittal plane and anatomical position.

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105
Q

If I’m looking at something below me, is my neck in flexion or extension?

A

Cervical flexion.

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106
Q

If I’m bending over to touch my toes, am I in spinal flexion or extension?

A

Flexion.

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107
Q

If I am doing hamstring curls, is my knee in flexion or extension?

A

Knee flexion

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108
Q

If my arms are behind me, am I in shoulder flexion or extension?

A

Shoulder extension

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109
Q

If I point my toes at the ground, what am I doing?

A

Plantar flexion

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110
Q

If I point my toes to the sky, what am I doing?

A

Dorsiflexion

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111
Q

If my palm is facing forward and I move it to touch my fingers to my forearm, what am I doing?

A

Wrist flexion

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112
Q

If I make a stop motion with my hand, what is my wrist doing?

A

Wrist extension

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113
Q

Is dorsiflexion flexion or extension?

A

Extension

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114
Q

Is plantar flexion flexion or extension?

A

Flexion

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115
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline.

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116
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline.

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117
Q

When we talk abduction and adduction, what plane must we be in? Why?

A

The coronal plane because these are side to side movements.

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118
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Think of making arm or leg circles with your shoulders or hips when warming up at the gym.

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119
Q

T/F: when discussing rotation, this is around a central axis.

A

True

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120
Q

What is lateral/external rotation?

A

Rotation outward

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121
Q

What is medial/internal rotation?

A

Rotation inward across the body.

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122
Q

What is supination?

A

Rotation of the palm anteriorly.

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123
Q

What is pronation?

A

Rotation of the palm posteriorly.

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124
Q

What body part are supination and pronation in relation to?

A

Forearm positions

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125
Q

What do the radius and ulna look like with pronation?

A

The radius is rotating over the ulna.

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126
Q

What do the radius and ulna look like with supination?

A

The radius and ulna are parallel.

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127
Q

What is inversion?

A

Moving the sole of the foot inward. Think of rolling your ankle.

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128
Q

What is eversion?

A

Moving the sole of the foot outward.

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129
Q

What is elevation?

A

Moving superiorly

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130
Q

What is depression?

A

Moving inferiorly

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131
Q

If I open my mouth, is this elevation or depression?

A

Depression of the mandible

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132
Q

What is protraction?

A

Moving anterior

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133
Q

What is retraction?

A

Moving oosteriorly.

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134
Q

If I make a double chin, is this protraction or retraction?

A

Retraction.

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135
Q

What is the axial skeleton and what does it consist of?

A

It is the central axis of the body and it consists of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

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136
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton and what does it consist of?

A

Our extremities and the bones that connect these to the main skeleton. Pectoral and pelvic girdle.

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137
Q

T/F: upper and lower limbs are serial homologues.

A

True.

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138
Q

How do we know from evolution that upper and lower limbs are serial homologues?

A

Early in tetrapod evolution, forelimbs and hind limbs developed from similar processes.

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139
Q

What are serial homologues?

A

Limbs with similar bone structure but different functions.

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140
Q

What is an example of serial homologues?

A

The humerus and the femur.

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141
Q

Describe limb development.

A

Limbs initially develop in a neutral position. Then, the upper limbs rotate 90 degrees laterally and the lower limbs rotate 90 degrees medially.

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142
Q

T/F: Upper extremity = pectoral girdle + upper limb

A

True

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143
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle.

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144
Q

What makes up the upper limb?

A

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

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145
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

A “strut” between the sternum and the clavicle. It is the only bony attachment for the upper extremity.

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146
Q

What is the only bony attachment for the upper extremity?

A

The clavicle

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147
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A depression in the bone.

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148
Q

What is a process?

A

A bony projection that sticks out.

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149
Q

What is the main indicator of a posterior view of the scapula?

A

The spine of the scapula.

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150
Q

What acts as the socket in the shoulder and what bone is it a part of?

A

The glenoid fossa which is a part of the scapula.

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151
Q

What bone is the coracoid process a part of and in what direction does it project?

A

It projects anteriorly and is a part of the scapula.

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152
Q

What bone is this?

A

Scapula from the posterior view

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153
Q

What is this?

A

Acromion of the scapula

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154
Q

What is this?

A

Spine of the scapula

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155
Q

What is this?

A

Coracoid process

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156
Q

What is this?

A

Infraspinous fossa

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157
Q

What is this?

A

Supraspinous fossa

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158
Q

What is this?

A

Glenoid fossa

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159
Q

What is this?

A

Acromion

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160
Q

What is this?

A

Coracoid process

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161
Q

If I shrug my shoulders, am I elevating or depressing?

A

Elevation of the scapula

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162
Q

If I take a deep breath and relax my shoulders, what am I doing?

A

Depression of the scapula

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163
Q

If I stretch my back and spread my scapula apart, what is this?

A

Abduction

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164
Q

If I flex my back muscles to bring the scapula together, what am I doing?

A

Adduction

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165
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

A smaller ridge/bump of the bone.

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166
Q

Is the greater tubercle lateral or medial?

A

Lateral

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167
Q

What is the deltoid tuberosity?

A

A raised rough part of the humerus bone where the deltoid attaches.

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168
Q

What is the difference between the greater and less tubercle in the humerus

A

Greater is lateral and bigger. Lesser is medial and smaller.

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169
Q

What is the purpose of the capitulum and trochlea on the humerus?

A

They are distally located, serving as articulating surfaces for the elbow.

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170
Q

What fits into the olecranon fossa?

A

The ulna.

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171
Q

What is this?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus

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172
Q

What is this?

A

Intertubercular groove

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173
Q

What is this?

A

The lesser tubercle of the humerus

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174
Q

What is this?

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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175
Q

What is this?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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176
Q

What is this?

A

Medial epicondyle

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177
Q

What is this?

A

Capitulum

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178
Q

What is this?

A

Trochlea

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179
Q

What are the bony parts of the shoulder joint?

A

Glenoid fossa (scapula) and the head of the humerus.

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180
Q

What two categories of ligaments surround the shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments and coracohumeral ligaments.

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181
Q

What is this

A

Shoulder flexion

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182
Q

What is this?

A

Shoulder extension

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183
Q

Are the styloid processes distal or proximal?

A

Distal

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184
Q

Label this bone from top down. What bone is this?

A

1) head
2) radial tuberosity
3) styloid process

This is the radius

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185
Q

Label this image. What are we looking at?

A

1) olecranon process
2) trochlear notch
3) head
4) radial tuberosity
5) interosseous membrane

Radius and ulna

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186
Q

Label this completely. What bone is this?

A

1) olecranon process
2) trochlear notch
3) styloid process

This is the ulna

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187
Q

What are the bony parts of the elbow joint?

A

For the lateral side, the capitulum (humerus) and the head of the radius.

For the medial side, the trochlea (humerus) and the trochlear notch (ulna).

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188
Q

What type of joint is the elbow? What movements does this allow for?

A

A hinge joint, synovial joint. Flexion and extension.

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189
Q

What ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint?

A

The ulnar (medial) collateral ligament and the radial (lateral) collateral ligament.

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190
Q

With baseball and tennis injuries, what elbow ligament is typically being damaged?

A

The ulnar (medial) collateral ligament.

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191
Q

What is a movement away from the anatomical position?

A

Flexion

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192
Q

What is a movement towards anatomical position?

A

Extension

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193
Q

What are the bony parts of the radio-ulnar joint?

A

The radius and ulna.

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194
Q

What type of joint is the radio-ulnar joint?

A

A pivot joint, which allows for rotation of one point relative to the one next to it.

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195
Q

What ligament is important for the radio-ulnar joint?

A

The annular ligament.

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196
Q

What is the annular ligament?

A

A ligament that surrounds the head of the radius to hold it against the ulna.

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197
Q

What movements does the radio-ulnar joint allow for?

A

Proximal and distal articulations.

Pronation and supination.

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198
Q

If the distal radius has crossed over the ulna, what position is the forearm in?

A

Pronation

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199
Q

If the radius and ulna are parallel to each other, what position is the forearm in?

A

Supination

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200
Q

What does pronation cause the radius to do relative to the ulna?

A

The distal radius will cross over the ulna.

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201
Q

What is the mnemonic for the carpal bones?

A

Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle.

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202
Q

Name the 8 carpal bones.

A

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

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203
Q

What carpal bone articulates with the thumb?

A

Trapezium

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204
Q

Label the 8 carpal bones

A

Thumb is on the left side.

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205
Q

If we looked at the dorsal side of the hand, what carpal would we not see?

A

The pisiform.

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206
Q

What is unique about the pisiform?

A

It sits atop the Triquetral bone on the anterior/palmar side.

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207
Q

What are the bony parts of the wrist joint?

A

The distal radius and the scaphoid.

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208
Q

What type of joint is the wrist?

A

Condylar, synovial

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209
Q

What are the 2 types of movement the wrist can do?

A

Radial/ulnar deviation

Flexion/extension

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210
Q

What is another name for radial deviation?

A

Abduction

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211
Q

What is another name for ulnar deviation?

A

Adduction

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212
Q

What are the metacarpals?

A

The bones in the palm.

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213
Q

What are the phalanges?

A

The bones in the fingers.

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214
Q

How many phalanges does the thumb have?

A

Just 2, distal and proximal.

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215
Q

How many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?

A

3 phalanges, distal, intermediate, and proximal

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216
Q

What are the joints between the phalanges or the bones in your fingers?

A

Interphalangeal (IP) joints

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217
Q

What are the joints between your palm and your fingers?

A

Metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joints

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218
Q

What are the joints between your carpals and metacarpals?

A

Carpometacarpal joints

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219
Q

What are the joints between your carpals?

A

Intercarpal joints

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220
Q

Label the joints.

A
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221
Q

What type of joint is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint?

A

Condylar joints

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222
Q

What 2 movements can the metacarpo-phalangeal joint make?

A

Abduction/adduction

Flexion/extension

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223
Q

What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?

A

Hinge joint

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224
Q

What type of movement can the interphalangeal joint make?

A

Flexion/extension

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225
Q

What are the 5 muscles that move the scapula?

A

Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levator scapulae, Pectoralis minor, and Serratus anterior

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226
Q

Where is the Trapezius?

A
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227
Q

What are the origins of the Trapezius?

A

The occipital bone and the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

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228
Q

What are the insertions of the Trapezius?

A

The spine of the scapula, the acromion, and the distal/lateral clavicle.

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229
Q

What actions does the Trapezius muscles perform?

A

Elevates, depresses, and adducts the scapula.

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230
Q

What part of the Trapezius is responsible for elevation of the scapula?

A

The upper trapezius

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231
Q

What part of the Trapezius is responsible for depressing the scapula?

A

The lower trapezius

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232
Q

What part of the Trapezius is responsible for adducting the scapula?

A

The middle trapezius

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233
Q

Where are the Rhomboids?

A
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234
Q

What is the origin of the rhomboids?

A

The spinous processes of the vertebrae.

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235
Q

What is the insertion of the rhomboids?

A

The medial border of the scapula.

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236
Q

What action does the rhomboid do?

A

Adducts the scapula

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237
Q

Where is the Levator scapulae?

A
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238
Q

What is the origin of the Levator scapulae?

A

The transverse processes of vertebrae.

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239
Q

What is the insertion of the Levator scapulae?

A

The superior angle of the scapula.

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240
Q

What action does the Levator scapulae perform?

A

Elevates the scapula

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241
Q

Where is the Pectoralis minor?

A
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242
Q

What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor?

A

The ribs

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243
Q

What is the insertion of the Pectoralis minor?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula.

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244
Q

What action does the Pectoralis minor perform?

A

Depresses the scapula

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245
Q

Where is the Serratus anterior?

A
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246
Q

What is the origin of the Serratus anterior?

A

The ribs

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247
Q

What is the insertion of the Serratus anterior?

A

The medial border of the scapula.

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248
Q

What action does the Serratus anterior perform?

A

Abducts the scapula.

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249
Q

What 4 types muscles move the arm?

A

Flexors, extensors, abductor, and the rotator cuff.

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250
Q

Where is the Pectoralis major?

A
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251
Q

What is the origin of the Pectoralis major?

A

Sternum and clavicle

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252
Q

What is the insertion of the Pectoralis major?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus

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253
Q

What action does the Pectoralis major?

A

Shoulder/Arm flexion and adduction.

Think of a bench press in the flexed position. The arm is kept close to the body.

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254
Q

Where is the Coracobrachialis?

A
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255
Q

What is the origin of the Coracobrachialis?

A

The coracoid process of the scapula.

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256
Q

What is the insertion of the Coracobrachialis?

A

The proximal humerus

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257
Q

What action does the Coracobrachialis perform?

A

Shoulder/Arm flexion and adduction.

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258
Q

Where is the Latissimus dorsi?

A
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259
Q

What is the origin of the Latissimus dorsi?

A

Spinous processes of vertebrae and iliac crest

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260
Q

What is the insertion of the Latissimus dorsi?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

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261
Q

What action does the Latissimus dorsi perform?

A

Shoulder/Arm extension and adduction

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262
Q

Where is the Teres major?

A
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263
Q

What is the origin of the Teres major?

A

Inferior angle of the scapula

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264
Q

What is the insertion of the Teres major?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus.

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265
Q

What back muscles share the common insertion of the lesser tubercle?

A

Teres major and Latissimus dorsi

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266
Q

What action does the Teres major perform?

A

Shoulder/Arm extension and adduction.

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267
Q

Where is the deltoid?

A
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268
Q

What is the origin of the deltoid?

A

Scapular spine, acromion, and clavicle

269
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

270
Q

What action does the deltoid perform?

A

Shoulder/Arm abduction, flexion, and extension

271
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

272
Q

What is the origin of the supraspinatus?

A

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

273
Q

What is the origin of the infraspinatus?

A

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

274
Q

What is the origin of the teres minor?

A

Lateral border of scapula

275
Q

What is the insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor?

A

Greater tubercle of the humerus

276
Q

What action does the supraspinatus perform?

A

Abducts the arm at the shoulder

277
Q

What action does the infraspinatus & teres minor perform?

A

External/lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder

278
Q

What rotator cuff muscles are posterior?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor

279
Q

What rotator cuff muscle is located anteriorly?

A

Subscapularis

280
Q

What is the origin of the subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa of scapula

281
Q

What is the insertion of the subscapularis?

A

Lesser tubercle of the humerus

282
Q

What action does the subscapularis perform?

A

Medial/internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder

283
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm that move the forearm at the elbow joint

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachoradialis

284
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm that move the forearm at the elbow joint?

A

Triceps brachii

285
Q

What are the muscles in the forearm that rotate it?

A

Pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator

286
Q

Where are the biceps brachii? Point out the short and long head.

A
287
Q

What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?

A

Above the glenoid fossa

288
Q

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

289
Q

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Radial tuberosity of the radius.

290
Q

How many joints does the biceps brachii span? Which are they?

A

2 joints. The elbow joint and the glenohumeral joint.

291
Q

What action does the biceps brachii perform?

A

Elbow flexion and forearm supination.

292
Q

Where is the brachialis?

A

Under the biceps brachii.

293
Q

What is the origin of the brachialis?

A

Distal humerus

294
Q

What is the insertion of the brachialis?

A

Proximal ulna

295
Q

What action does the brachialis perform?

A

Elbow flexion

296
Q

Where is the brachoradialis?

A
297
Q

What is the origin of the brachioradialis?

A

Distal, lateral humerus

298
Q

What is the insertion of the brachioradialis?

A

Radial styloid

299
Q

What action does the brachioradialis perform?

A

Elbow flexion

300
Q

How many heads does the triceps brachii have? What are they called?

A

3: Long head, lateral head, and medial head

301
Q

What is the origin of the lateral head triceps brachii?

A

Lateral surface of humerus

302
Q

What is the origin of the long head triceps brachii?

A

Below the glenoid fossa

303
Q

What is the origin of the medial head triceps brachii?

A

Posterior surface of the humerus

304
Q

What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?

A

Olecranon process of ulna

305
Q

What action does the triceps brachii perform?

A

Elbow extension

306
Q

What do we have to remove to see the triceps brachii origin?

A

The insertions of the rotator cuff muscles.

307
Q

Where is the pronator teres & quadratus?

A
308
Q

Is the pronator teres & quadratus anterior or posterior?

A

Anterior

309
Q

What is the origin of the pronator teres & quadratus?

A

Ulna

310
Q

What is the insertion of the pronator teres & quadratus?

A

Radius

311
Q

What action does the pronator teres & quadratus perform?

A

Forearm pronation

312
Q

Where is the supinator muscle?

A
313
Q

Is the supinator muscle located anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

It is located in the posterior compartment.

314
Q

What is the origin of the supinator muscle?

A

Proximal ulna

315
Q

What is the insertion of the supinator muscle?

A

Proximal radius

316
Q

What action does the supinator muscle?

A

Forearm supination

317
Q

Are flexors in the anterior or posterior compartment?

A

Flexors are located in the anterior compartment.

318
Q

Are extensors in the anterior or posterior compartment?

A

Extensors are located in the posterior compartment.

319
Q

What is the origin of the forearm flexors?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus, the radius, and the ulna

320
Q

What is the insertion of the forearm flexors?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of hand.

321
Q

What action do the forearm flexors perform?

A

Flexion of the wrist, fingers, and thumb.

322
Q

What is the origin of the forearm extensors?

A

Lateral epicondyle of humerus, the radius, and the ulna.

323
Q

What is the insertion of the forearm extensors?

A

Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of the hand.

324
Q

What action do the forearm extensors perform?

A

Extension of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Additionally, abduction of the thumb.

325
Q

How many intrinsic muscles of the hand are there?

A

19 muscles in all

326
Q

What are thumb muscles called?

A

Thenar muscles

327
Q

What are 5th digit muscles called?

A

Hypothenar muscles

328
Q

What is the carpal tunnel?

A

A band of tissue that travels across the carpals.

329
Q

How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?

A

Tendons that travel under the carpal tunnel tissue can be overused, produce inflammation, and piss of the nerve there.

330
Q

What comprises the lower extremity?

A

Pelvic girdle + lower limb

331
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

Ox coxae

332
Q

What comprises the lower limb?

A

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.

333
Q

Label this bone.

A
334
Q

What part of the pelvic bone is an inferior vertebral extension?

A

The sacrum and coccyx

335
Q

What 3 bones make up the Os coxae?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

336
Q

Label this bone.

A
337
Q

Label this

A
338
Q

What does the ischiopubic ramus do?

A

It connects the ischium to the pubis.

339
Q

What is the ischial spine?

A

It separates the greater and lesser sciatic notches.

340
Q

What is the bony part of our butts that we sit on?

A

The ischial tuberosity

341
Q

Label this

A
342
Q

What does the false pelvis contain?

A

Abdominal viscera such as the intestines.

343
Q

What does the true pelvis contain?

A

Pelvic viscera such as the bladder, rectum, uterus, and prostate.

344
Q

What direction is the largest diameter for the pelvic inlet?

A

Side to side

345
Q

What direction is the largest diameter for the pelvic outlet?

A

Anteroposterior

346
Q

Why do babies turn in the birth canal?

A

Due to the differences in direction of largest diameter for the pelvic inlet and outlet.

347
Q

Where is the false pelvis and pelvic inlet?

A
348
Q

Where is the true pelvis and pelvic outlet?

A
349
Q

Point out the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet.

A

Green is false pelvis, pink is true pelvis, blue dashed line is pelvic inlet, red dashed line is pelvic outlet.

350
Q

What are the 3 external ligaments that support the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, and pubofemoral ligament.

351
Q

What internal ligament supports the hip joint?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur

352
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

353
Q

Where does the patella grow?

A

Inside the tendon for the quadriceps

354
Q

What does the patella articulate with?

A

It articulates with the femur (only bony articulation).

355
Q

Does the patella articulate with the tibia?

A

No! The patella only articulates with the femur.

356
Q

Name the internal knee joint ligaments.

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

357
Q

Name the external knee joint ligaments.

A

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament and lateral (fibular) collateral ligament.

358
Q

Name the cartilage of the knee joint.

A

Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

359
Q

Does the structure of the knee joint provide good stability? How common are knee injuries?

A

The structure of the knee joint does NOT provide great stability, and knee injuries are very common.

360
Q

What is the “unhappy triad”?

A

A blow to the lateral knee results in a torn medial meniscus, torn ACL, and torn medial collateral ligament.

361
Q

What is being shown here?

A

The “unhappy triad” in which the knee was impacted laterally causing a torn medial meniscus, torn ACL, and torn MCL.

362
Q

What movements does the knee joint perform?

A

Flexion and extension

363
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge joint, which is uniaxial.

364
Q

What is meant by valgus knee? What was this adaptation good for?

A

On humans, the femur is angled inward so that the knees are closer together.

This was an adaptation for bipedal locomotion.

365
Q

What does valgus knee allow for?

A

Brings the knee and foot under the center of gravity.

366
Q

How many tarsals are there?

A

7 bones

367
Q

Name the 7 tarsal bones.

A

Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms (3).

368
Q

What movements does the ankle perform?

A

Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion.

369
Q

What are metatarsals?

A

Bones in the foot.

370
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Bones in the toe

371
Q

What is the great toe called? How many phalanges?

A

Hallux. 2 phalanges.

372
Q

How many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?

A

3 phalanges.

373
Q

What movements do the toes perform?

A

Flexion/extension

Abduction/adduction

374
Q

Why is the foot stiff?

A

Helps to act like a spring during walking

375
Q

What is the origin of the Psoas major?

A

Transverse process of lumbar vertebrae

376
Q

What is the insertion of the Psoas major?

A

Less trochanter of femur

377
Q

What action does the Psoas major and Iliacus perform?

A

Hip flexion

378
Q

What is the origin of the Iliacus?

A

Iliac fossa of ilium

379
Q

What is the insertion of the Iliacus?

A

Lesser trochanter of femur

380
Q

What tendon does the Psoas major and Iliacus share?

A

Iliopsoas tendon

381
Q

Which is the largest of the 3 gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus

382
Q

What is the origin of the Gluteus maximus?

A

Iliac crest and sacrum

383
Q

What is the insertion of the Gluteus maximus?

A

Linea aspera and iliotibial band

384
Q

What action does the Gluteus maximus perform?

A

Hip extension

385
Q

What is the origin of the Gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Ilium

386
Q

What is the insertion of the Gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

387
Q

What action do the Gluteus medius and minimus perform?

A

Hip abduction

388
Q

When we stand on 1 foot, what do we need our gluteus medius and minimus to do?

A

On the 1 foot we are standing on, it needs to pull the body over the standing foot. This is necessary for bipedal locomotion.

389
Q

How many arches are there in the foot? Name them.

A

3

2 longitudinal (medial and lateral)
1 tranverse

390
Q

Where does our early evidence of bipedalism and foot arches come from?

A

Footprints in Tanzania early on.

391
Q

Why do we have arches in the foot?

A

This was an adaptation for bipedal locomotion.

Also, shock absorption.

392
Q

What makes up the bony parts of the knee joint?

A

The femoral condyles and tibial condyles.

The distal femur and patella.

393
Q

What type of cartilage is in the knee joint?

A

Fibrocartilage

394
Q

Other than shock absorption, what is the purpose of the menisci in the knee joint?

A

Produces a congruent shape to the joint for bony ends to fit together.

395
Q

What is the purpose of the ACL and PCL?

A

Prevents excessive anterior and posterior movement of the knee.

396
Q

What is a sesamoid?

A

A bone that forms and grows within a muscle tendon.

397
Q

What is more stable, the shoulder or the hip joint? Why?

A

The hip joint is much more stable. This is because there is a deeper socket and more muscular support.

398
Q

What bony parts make up the hip joint?

A

The acetabulum of the os coxae and the femoral head.

399
Q

Where is the 1 internal ligament of the hip joint?

A

It is within the joint space at the head of the femur.

400
Q

What does trochanter mean?

A

Bony projection

401
Q

Are the femoral condyles better seen on an anterior or posterior view?

A

Posterior

402
Q

Label this bone. What bone is it?

A
403
Q

Label this

A
404
Q

Label this

A
405
Q

Label this

A
406
Q

Label this

A
407
Q

What arch is the highest of the 3?

A

The medial arch is higher than the other ones

408
Q

Label the 3 arches shown

A
409
Q

Label this

A
410
Q

What muscle is this?

A
411
Q

What muscles are these?

A
412
Q

Where is the Piriformis?

A
413
Q

What is the origin of the Piriformis?

A

Sacrum

414
Q

What is the insertion of the Piriformis?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

415
Q

What action does the Piriformis perform?

A

Lateral/external hip rotation

416
Q

What are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh called?

A

Adductors

417
Q

Where is the Gracilis?

A
418
Q

What is the origin of the Gracilis?

A

Pubis

419
Q

What is the insertion of the Gracilis?

A

Medial, proximal tibia

420
Q

What action does the Gracilis perform?

A

Hip adduction

421
Q

What is this pointing at if this is superficial?

A

Adductor longus

422
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Adductor brevis

423
Q

What is this pointing at if this is deep?

A

Adductor magnus

424
Q

What is the origin of adductor magnus, longus, and brevis?

A

Pubis and ischium

425
Q

What is the insertion of adductor magnus, longus, and brevis?

A

Linea aspera

426
Q

Where else does the adductor magnus insert?

A

Adductor tubercle

427
Q

What action does the adductor magnus, longus, and brevis perform?

A

Hip adduction

428
Q

What does the statement “Brevis Sandwich” imply?

A

The adductor brevis is sandwiched in between the adductor long and adductor magnus.

429
Q

Where is the Tensor fasciae latae? Point out the Iliotibial (IT) Band.

A
430
Q

What band does the Tensor fasciae latae tense? What does this aid in?

A

The IT band. This helps to stabilize the hip and knee joints.

431
Q

What is the origin of Tensor fasciae latae?

A

Iliac crest

432
Q

What is the insertion of Tensor fasciae latae?

A

Lateral tibia via the IT band

433
Q

What action does the Tensor fasciae latae perform?

A

Hip abduction

434
Q

What is the line pointing at?

A

Sartorius muscle

435
Q

What is the origin of the Sartorius?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

436
Q

What is the insertion of the Sartorius?

A

Medial tibia

437
Q

How many joints does the Sartorius span? What are they?

A

Two joints. The hip and knee joint.

438
Q

What action does the Sartorius perform? Think of how you cross your leg over your knee while sitting down.

A

Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip, flexes the leg at the knee.

3 actions going on.

439
Q

How many heads does the quadriceps muscle have?

A

4

440
Q

Where do all of the quadriceps muscles come together at?

A

All muscles come together to form common quadriceps tendon.

441
Q

Name the 4 quadriceps muscles.

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis.

442
Q

Label where the lines are pointing.

A
443
Q

Label where the lines are pointing.

A
444
Q

What is the origin of the Rectus femoris?

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine

445
Q

What is the origin of the Vastus muscles?

A

Linea aspera. This means that they originate from the posterior femur and wrap around to the anterior.

446
Q

What is the insertion of the quadriceps muscles?

A

Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

447
Q

What action does the Rectus femoris perform?

A

Hip flexion and knee extension

448
Q

What action do the Vastus muscles perform?

A

Knee extension

449
Q

How many joints does the Rectus femoris cross? What are they?

A

2 joints. The hip and knee joint.

450
Q

Label this image

A
451
Q

Label

A
452
Q

Label

A
453
Q

Label

A
454
Q

Label

A
455
Q

What hamstrings are located posteromedially?

A

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus.

456
Q

What hamstrings are located posterolaterally?

A

Biceps femoris (short & long heads)

457
Q

What is the ‘false’ hamstring?

A

The short head of the biceps femoris.

458
Q

What is the origin of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity

459
Q

What is the origin of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Linea aspera

460
Q

What is the insertion of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

Proximal, medial tibia

461
Q

What is the insertion of the biceps femoris?

A

Fibular head

462
Q

What action do the hamstrings perform?

A

Hip extension and knee flexion

463
Q

What is the Pes Anserinus?

A

This is the common insertion of Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus on the proximal tibia.

Say Grace before Tea!

464
Q

Are the extensors of the foot located anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Anterior compartment (think of contracting for dorsiflexion)

465
Q

What is in the lateral compartment of the foot?

A

The foot evertors

466
Q

Are the flexors of the foot located anteriorly or posteriorly?

A

Posterior compartment (think of contracting for plantar flexion).

467
Q

Name the extensors of the foot.

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus

468
Q

Name the evertors of the foot.

A

Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

469
Q

Name the flexors of the foot.

A

Gastrocnemius & Soleus, Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.

470
Q

What is the origin of the foot extensors?

A

Tibia & fibula

471
Q

Where does tibialis anterior insert?

A

1st metatarsal

472
Q

Where does extensor digitorum longus insert?

A

Distal phalanges 2-5

473
Q

Where does extensor hallucis longus insert?

A

Distal phalanx of hallux (great toe)

474
Q

What action does the tibialis anterior perform?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion.

475
Q

What action does the extensor digitorum longus perform?

A

Dorsiflexion and Extension of digits 2-5

476
Q

What action does the extensor hallucis longus perform?

A

Dorsiflexion of foot and hallux (great toe)

477
Q

Label

A
478
Q

What is the origin of the foot evertors?

A

Fibula

479
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis longus?

A

1st metatarsal

480
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis bravis?

A

5th metatarsal

481
Q

What action do the evertors of the foot perform?

A

Foot eversion

482
Q

Label

A
483
Q

Label

A
484
Q

What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius?

A

Femoral condyles

485
Q

What is the origin of the Soleus?

A

Tibia and fibula

486
Q

What is the insertion of the superficial foot flexors?

A

Calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

487
Q

What action does the Gastrocnemius and Soleus perform?

A

Plantar flexion

488
Q

What is the origin of the deeper foot flexors?

A

Tibia and fibula

489
Q

What is the insertion of Tibialis posterior?

A

1st metatarsal

490
Q

What is the insertion of Flexor digitorum longus?

A

Distal phalanges 2-5

491
Q

What is the insertion of Flexor hallucis longus?

A

Distal phalanx of hallux (great toe)

492
Q

What action does the Tibialis posterior perform?

A

Plantar flexion and inversion

493
Q

What action does the Flexor digitorum longus perform?

A

Plantar flexion and flexion of digits 2-5

494
Q

What action does the Flexor hallucis longus perform?

A

Plantar flexion and flexion of hallux (great toe)

495
Q

What compartments and muscles are responsible for inversion of the foot?

A

Inversion of the foot occurs from both tibialis anterior and posterior working together.

496
Q

How many intrinsic muscles of the foot are there?

A

21 muscles in total

497
Q

Label

A
498
Q

Label

A
499
Q

Label

A
500
Q

What is the skull comprised of?

A

Neurocranial bones + Facial bones

501
Q

How many neurocranial bones are there? How many unpaired and paired?

A

8 bones.

4 unpaired. 2 paired.

502
Q

Name the unpaired neurocranial bones.

A

Frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

503
Q

Name the paired neurocranial bones.

A

Parietal and temporal

504
Q

What does it mean when we say a “paired” bone?

A

It has a bone for the left side of the head and another for the right side of the head.

505
Q

How many facial bones are there? How many unpaired and paired?

A

14 facial bones.

2 unpaired. 6 paired.

506
Q

Name the unpaired facial bones.

A

Mandible and vomer

507
Q

Name the paired facial bones.

A

Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Palatine, and Inferior nasal cochlea.

508
Q

Label the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.

A
509
Q
A
510
Q

Label

A
511
Q

Label

A
512
Q

Label

A
513
Q

Label

A
514
Q

Label

A
515
Q

Label

A
516
Q

What are Fontanelles?

A

Soft spots or areas where the bones have not yet fused at birth.

517
Q

What do fontanelles allow for?

A

Allows for more growth and expansion of the neurocranium during childhood and flexibility during birth.

518
Q

When do fontanelles close by?

A

All closed by 1.5-2 years of age

519
Q

Label

A
520
Q

Label

A
521
Q

Is the vomer a facial bone or neurocranial bone?

A

Vomer is a facial bone

522
Q

What bone is this?

A

Vomer

523
Q

Label

A
524
Q

Label this. What bone is it?

A
525
Q

What contributes to the posterior part of the oral cavity?

A

Palatine bones

526
Q

What does the hard palate consist of?

A

Palatine processes of maxilla + palatine bones

527
Q

What does the soft palate consist of?

A

Soft tissues behind the hard palate which contains mucus

528
Q

Label

A
529
Q

Label

A
530
Q

What is the zygomatic arch composed of?

A

Processes from temporal bone and zygomatic bone

531
Q

What are these?

A

Nasal bones

532
Q

What forms the bridge of the nose?

A

Nasal and maxillary bones

533
Q

Label this

A
534
Q

Why is the nasolacrimal duct important?

A

Tears from orbit wash across the eye and drain through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.

Tear production = lacrimation

535
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Space within bone

536
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Spaces within cranial bones that are around the nasal cavity

537
Q

What are the colors showing?

A

Different sinuses

538
Q

For the nasal cavity, what are sinuses?

A

Sinuses serve as an extension of the nasal cavity. Each drains through a passageway into the nasal cavity

539
Q

What bone is this? Label it.

A

Mandible

540
Q

Label this. What joint is this?

A

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

541
Q

What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?

A

A modified hinge joint.

To open the mouth completely, we first have a downward rotation, then an anterior glide.

Feel this with your fingers at the anterior ears while you open your mouth.

542
Q

What does the TMJ joint consist of?

A

Mandibular fossa of temporal bone + mandibular condyle of mandible.

543
Q

What sits between the bones in the TMJ?

A

An articular disc of fibrocartilage sits between the bones.

544
Q

Name the auditory ossicles.

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

545
Q

Where are the auditory ossicles?

A

Found within the temporal bone (middle ear cavity)

546
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?

A

They conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear (cochlea).

547
Q

What does the Hyoid do?

A

Serves as an attachment site for muscles to raise and lower structures in the neck while swallowing.

548
Q

Does the Hyoid articulate with any other bone?

A

No, it is a ‘floating’ bone.

549
Q

What are the parts of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae at each?

A

Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5 fused
Coccygeal- 4 fused

550
Q

What parts of the vertebrae are fused?

A

The 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal.

551
Q

Where are the vertebrae the largest in the vertebral column?

A

The vertebrae grow in size as we go inferior. Small at the top, large at the bottom to support body weight.

552
Q

If we are looking at an anterior view of the spine, how does it appear?

A

Straight

553
Q

If we look at a lateral view of the spine, how does it appear?

A

S-shaped curve

554
Q

Why is the vertebral column S-shaped?

A

It supports body mass and is important for bipedalism.

555
Q

Label.

A

Vertebrae

556
Q

Label the articular processes

A
557
Q

What is the purpose of the articular processes?

A

They allow for adjacent vertebrae to connect and articulate.

558
Q

Label

A
559
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage between vertebral bodies.

560
Q

What are intervertebral foramina?

A

Openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord.

561
Q

What type of vertebrae is this? What is being pointed at?

A
562
Q

What type of vertebrae is this?

A

Thoracic

563
Q

What is the purpose of demifacets?

A

On the thoracic vertebrae, they allow articulation with the ribs.

564
Q

What type of vertebrae is this? What is being pointed at?

A
565
Q

What is C1 called?

A

Atlas

566
Q

Describe C1

A

Has a posterior tubercle rather than a spinous process

Does not have a vertebral body

567
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

568
Q

Describe C2

A

Has dens (odontoid process) that project superiorly to articulate with the anterior arch of C1.

569
Q

What is this?

A

C1

570
Q

What is this?

A

C2

571
Q

What bones comprise the Atlantoaxial joint?

A

C1 and C2

572
Q

Describe the Atlantoaxial joint.

A

It is a unilateral pivot joint that allows for rotation when you shake your head no. C1 pivots and rotates on C2.

573
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones to form the pelvis.

574
Q

What are sacral foramina?

A

Openings in the sacrum for nerves to pass.

575
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

4 fused vertebrae that act as the vestigial tail.

576
Q

Label the sacrum and coccyx.

A
577
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature

578
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Excessive thoracic curvature that gives a hunched look

579
Q

What is lordosis? Who is associated with this?

A

Excessive lumbar curvature. People who carry a lot of anterior abdominal weight or pregnant women.

580
Q

How many total ribs are there? Which are true and which are false?

A

24 ribs total (12 on each side)
1-7 are true ribs
8-12 are false ribs

581
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7 that are attached directly to the sternum.

582
Q

What are false ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10 attach to cartilage of the rib above.
Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs and have no cartilage attachment to the sternum.

583
Q

A single rib is attaching to how many vertebrae?

A

The head of a single rib will attach to the above and below vertebrae demifacet, thus, there are 2 vertebrae per rib.

584
Q

What does the head of the rib do?

A

Articulates with demifacets of vertebral bodies.

585
Q

What does the costal tubercle do?

A

Articulates with transverse processes.

586
Q

Label the head and costal tubercle

A
587
Q

Label the parts of the sternum

A
588
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Where the manubrium and body come together.

589
Q

What 2 categories do we divide the muscles of the head into?

A

Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication (chewing).

590
Q

For facial expression, how many muscles are there overall?

A

Over 40 muscles overall

591
Q

Where is the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris?

A
592
Q

What is the origin of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Bone of orbit

593
Q

What is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Skin surrounding eyelids

594
Q

What action does the orbicularis oculi perform?

A

Closes eyes

595
Q

What is the origin of the orbicularis oris?

A

Maxilla and mandible

596
Q

What is the insertion of the orbicularis oris?

A

Skin surrounding mouth

597
Q

What action does the orbicularis oris perform?

A

Purses the lips (make a kiss)

598
Q

Where is the buccinator?

A
599
Q

What is the origin of the buccinator?

A

Maxilla and mandible

600
Q

What is the insertion of the buccinator?

A

Orbicularis oris

601
Q

What action does the buccinator perform?

A

Compresses cheeks, holds food between teeth.

Like making “fish lips”

602
Q

Where is the platysma?

A
603
Q

What is the origin of the platysma?

A

Skin of shoulder and chest

604
Q

What is the insertion of the platysma?

A

Skin of mandible and cheek

605
Q

What action does the platysma perform?

A

Tenses skin of the neck

606
Q

What main bone is used to masticate food?

A

We move the mandible to chew food.

607
Q

How many muscles are involved in mastication? Name them.

A

4 muscles:

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial & Lateral Pterygoid Muscles

608
Q

Is the buccinator a muscle of mastication?

A

No! It helps manipulate food in the oral cavity but is not a muscle of mastication.

609
Q

Where is the masseter?

A
610
Q

What is the origin of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic arch

611
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter?

A

Lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle

612
Q

What action does the masseter perform?

A

Elevates and protracts the mandible.

613
Q

Where is the temporalis?

A
614
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis?

A

Lateral side of neurocranium

615
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis?

A

Coronoid process of mandible

616
Q

What action does the temporalis perform?

A

Elevates and retracts the mandible.

617
Q

Where is the sternocleidomastoid?

A
618
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Manubrium and clavicle

619
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process of temporal bone

620
Q

What action does the sternocleidomastoid perform?

A

Unilaterally: Ipsilateral side bends the neck and contralaterally rotates the head.
EX: Touch your left ear to shoulder and watch right face.

Bilaterally: Neck flexion

621
Q

What is a bilateral contraction?

A

Muscles on both sides of the body contract to produce a movement.

622
Q

What is a unilateral contraction?

A

Muscle on one side of the body contracts.

623
Q

What is an ipsilateral movement?

A

Movement towards the same side of the contraction.

624
Q

What is a contralateral movement?

A

Movement toward the opposite side of contraction.

625
Q

Label the Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid muscles.

A
626
Q

What do the Suprahyoid muscles do?

A

Elevate hyoid with larynx and pharynx during swallowing.
EX: Touch anterior medial neck and swallow.

627
Q

What do the Infrahyoid muscles do?

A

Depress hyoid with larynx and pharynx during swallowing.

628
Q

Where are the erector spinae muscles?

A
629
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the erector spinae?

A

Spinalis (along spine, most medial)
Longissimus (longest, middle layer)
Iliocostalis (along ribs, most lateral)

630
Q

What is the origin of the erector spinae?

A

Spinous processes, sacrum, and ilium.

631
Q

What is the insertion of the erector spinae?

A

Vertebrae and ribs

632
Q

What action does the erector spinae perform?

A

Extension of the spine (maintain posture).

Keeps the spine “erect” for posture.

633
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominis, external & internal obliques

634
Q

What action do the abdominal muscles perform?

A

Flexion of the spine, rotation of the trunk, compression of the abdomen.

635
Q

What is the origin of rectus abdominis?

A

Pubic bone

636
Q

What is the insertion of rectus abdominis?

A

Xiphoid process and inferior ribs

637
Q

What action does the rectus abdominis perform?

A

Trunk flexion and abdomen compression

638
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Flat muscle tendons from the oblique muscles that cover where the rectus abdominis meets at the midline.

639
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

The midline of the rectus sheath.

640
Q

What is the origin of the external oblique?

A

Inferior ribs

641
Q

What is the insertion of external oblique?

A

Linea alba

642
Q

What action does the external oblique perform?

A

Trunk flexion and rotation and abdomen compression.

643
Q

In what direction do the fibers run for the external oblique?

A

Down and in

Think of “hands in your pockets”

644
Q

What is the most superficial abdominal muscle layer?

A

External oblique

645
Q

What is the origin of the internal oblique?

A

Iliac crest

646
Q

What is the insertion of the internal oblique?

A

Linea alba

647
Q

What action does the internal oblique perform?

A

Trunk flexion and rotation and abdomen compression

648
Q

In what direction do the internal oblique fibers run?

A

Up and in

649
Q

What is the second abdominal muscle layer?

A

Internal oblique

650
Q

What is the origin of the Transversus abdominis?

A

Inferior ribs & iliac crest

651
Q

What is the insertion of the Transversus abdominis?

A

Linea alba

652
Q

What action does the Transversus abdominis perform?

A

Trunk rotation and abdomen compression.

653
Q

What direction to the Transversus abdominis fibers run in?

A

Side to side

654
Q

What is the deepest abdominal muscle layer?

A

Transversus abdominis

655
Q

In regards to the thorax, when does breathing occur?

A

Breathing occurs when the thorax increases or decreases its volume.

656
Q

T/F: Lungs sit in vacuum. Expanding chest inhales. Compressing chest exhales.

A

True

657
Q

How are lungs manipulated?

A

By muscles acting on the ribs

658
Q

T/F: Breathing at rest and forced breathing use the same muscles.

A

False! Different muscles work for breathing at rest versus forced breathing

659
Q

What is the main muscle for breathing at rest?

A

Respiratory diaphragm

660
Q

What is the origin of the Respiratory diaphragm?

A

Internal surface of ribs, xiphoid process, and lumbar vertebrae

661
Q

What is the insertion of the Respiratory diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

662
Q

What action does the Respiratory diaphragm perform?

A

Diaphragm flattens downwards for inhalation. Active for breathing at rest and forced breathing.

663
Q

What is the main muscle responsible for forced breathing?

A

Intercostal muscles

664
Q

What is the origin of the intercostal muscles?

A

Ribs

665
Q

What is the insertion of the intercostal muscles?

A

Adjacent rib

666
Q

What action do the intercostal muscles perform?

A

Assists with respiration. Active during force inhalation and exhalation.

667
Q

What are external intercostals?

A

The superficial layer of intercostal muscles that run down and in.

668
Q

What are internal intercostals?

A

The deeper layer of intercostal muscles that run down and out.

Anatomy Lecture + Lab (6 decks)

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