Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is muscle tissue made of?
A
Specialized cells, known as muscle fibers, that response to stimulation by changing shape through contraction or elongation.
2
Q
How does muscle tissue change in response to stimulation?
A
It undergoes internal structural changes that shorten the cells and the overall muscle, causing contraction.
3
Q
What are the 4 functions of muscle discussed?
A
1) Thermoregulation
2) Maintaining posture
3) Mobility/Body Movements
4) Controls the movement of material through the body
4
Q
What is thermoregulation?
A
The muscles are able to contract and produce heat to warm the body. This is what shivering is.
5
Q
How do we get goosebumps?
A
There are muscles that attach to the hairs on the skin. When these muscles contract, the hairs stand up and we get goosebumps.
6
Q
How do muscles help with posture?
A
We are constantly contracting and relaxing muscles to hold the body up.
7
Q
What are the 3 types of muscle?
A
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
8
Q
What are 3 names we use to describe muscle cells?
A
Myocytes, myofibers, or muscle fibers.
9
Q
How do the 3 types of muscle differ?
A
They differ in their structure and the way in which they function.
10
Q
Where is skeletal muscle located?
A
Throughout the body, most are attached to bones.
11
Q
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
A
Under voluntary control, it helps us with movement and thermoregulation.
12
Q
What is a distinguishable feature of skeletal muscle?
A
It is under conscious/voluntary control.
13
Q
What do skeletal muscles look like?
A
1) Very long, cylindrical cells
2) Striations
3) Multi-nucleated cells with the nuclei near the outside of the cell.
14
Q
Why are skeletal muscles multi-nucleated?
A
Multiple cells will fuse and work together as one cell to perform functions.
15
Q
Where is smooth muscle located?
A
GI tract, urinary tract, vascular tissues, etc.
16
Q
What is the function of smooth muscle?
A
Under involuntary control, contraction causes controlled movement of material.
17
Q
What does smooth muscle look like?
A
1) Short, fusiform (spindle-shaped)
2) Flat pancake cells that lack striations
3) Single nucleus in the middle of the cell
18
Q
When the pupil of the eye dilates and constricts, what type of muscle is responsible for this?
A
Smooth muscle.
19
Q
Where is cardiac muscle located?
A
Only found in the muscle of the heart or what we call the myocardium.
20
Q
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
A
Under involuntary control, it contracts the heart to pump blood.
21
Q
What does cardiac muscle look like?
A
1) Short, bifurcated cells
2) Striations
3) One or two nuclei located in the middle of the cell.
4) Intercalated discs
22
Q
What are intercalated discs?
A
Specialized junctions between cells that allow for rapid transport of impulse across cells.
23
Q
What type of muscle is this?
A
Skeletal
24
Q
What type of muscle is this?
A
Smooth
25
What type of muscle is this?
Cardiac
26
What type of muscle is this?
Cardiac, there are some striations and there is a bifurcated shape.
27
What type of muscle is this?
Smooth, there are no striations, there are pancake cells, and single, central nuclei.
28
What type of muscle is this?
Skeletal, there are many striations and there are multiple nuclei on the edge of the cell.
29
What is the organization of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest?
Muscle (largest), fascicle, muscle fiber/myocyte (smallest).
30
What are whole muscles comprised of?
Fascicles
31
What are muscle fascicles comprised of?
Muscle fibers / myocytes
32
What is the epimysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle.
33
What is the perimysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fascicles.
34
What is the endomysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers / myocytes.
35
What is the breakdown of the word epimysium?
epi- "upon", mysium- "muscle"
36
What is the breakdown of the word perimysium?
peri- "around", mysium- "muscle"
37
What is the breakdown of the word endomysium?
endo- "within", mysium- "muscle"
38
How do muscles move bone?
Muscles travel over at least one joint and bring the insertion point to the origin point.
39
Why must muscles travel over at least one joint?
This is necessary for contraction of the muscle to move the bone.
40
What are the names for the two places of attachment?
Insertion and origin.
41
What is the origin of attachment?
The less mobile and more proximal muscle attachment of the two.
42
What is the insertion of attachment?
The more mobile and more distal muscle attachment of the two.
43
When a muscle contracts, what is the movement of the insertion and origin?
The insertion point is moving towards the origin.
44
Generally, at least how many places do muscles attach?
Most muscles attach in at least 2 places.
45
What is a tendon?
Dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
46
What direction are tendons pulled in?
Pulled in the direction that the collagen fibers are traveling in.
47
What 3 things do muscle groups have in common?
1) Similar function (actions) and/or,
2) Similar innervation and/or,
3) Similar blood supply
48
What is a joint?
The place of contact/articulation between two or more bones.
49
What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?
More mobility or more planes of motion = Less stable
50
What are 2 ways we increase the stability of a joint?
1) Muscular support
2) Ligamentous attachment
51
What is the most mobile joint in the body?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
52
What are the 3 structural classifications for joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
53
What is the definition of fibrous joints?
Bones connected by dense regular connective tissue.
54
What is the definition of cartilaginous joints?
Bones connected by plates of cartilage.
55
What is the definition of synovial joints?
Articular capsule with joint cavity.
56
What type of joint structural classification are the ones we most commonly think of and name some examples?
Synovial, these are joints like the wrist, elbow, shoulder, and knee.
57
What are the 3 subcategories of fibrous joints?
Gomphosis, sutures, and syndesmosis.
58
What are the 2 subcategories of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and symphysis.
59
What are the 6 subcategories of synovial joints?
Planar, hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar, and ball & socket.
60
Define the features of Gomphosis joints and list the example.
1) Immobile
2) Comprised of small amounts of dense connective tissue.
Ex: Connects tooth to bone socket of your jaw (periodontal ligaments)
61
Define the features of Sutures joints and list the example.
1) Immobile
2) Comprised of small amounts of dense connective tissue
Ex: Skull bones.
62
When would we expect Sutures joints to be mobile?
When we are being delivered as babies, the skull gets a little deformed, so we want some mobility.
63
Why are the squiggly lines of Sutures joints important?
They increase the surface area and make the bones more securely attached.
64
Define the features of Syndesmosis joints and list 2 examples.
1) Slightly mobile to allow for some shifting between the bones.
2) Large amounts of dense connective tissue.
Ex: Interosseous membranes between the radius-ulna and tibia-fibula.
65
What are interosseous membranes?
A syndesmosis that connects 2 bones along their lengths, keeping them next to each other while allowing for some movement.
66
Define the features of Synchondrosis joints and give 2 examples.
1) Immobile
2) Connected by Hyaline cartilage
Ex: 1st rib-manubrium (between 1st rib & top part of sternum called the manubrium) and epiphyseal plates.
67
What are epiphyseal plates?
Growth plates, which are temporary joints that ossify when we become skeletally mature (done growing).
68
How are Synchondrosis and Symphysis joints different?
They differ in the type of cartilage present.
69
Define the features of Symphysis joints and give 2 examples.
1) Slightly mobile
2) Connected by fibrocartilage
Ex: Pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
70
Why is it important for Symphysis joints to be slightly mobile?
We need some spine movement and our pelvis needs to be slightly mobile for us to undergo labor/delivery of baby.
71
What is pubic symphysis?
At the front of our pelvis where the pelvic bones are coming together.
72
What happens to our Symphysis joints as we age?
Because both of these areas are supporting a lot of our body weight, these spaces will narrow over time.
73
Describe the characteristics of Synovial joints.
1) Very mobile, ligaments/muscles are providing stability
2) Articular capsule with joint cavity
3) Articular hyaline cartilage
74
What is an articular capsule?
A joint capsule that surrounds the ends of the bones coming together.
75
What 2 things make up the articular capsule?
1) A fibrous capsule as an outer layer to provide support/protection.
2) A synovial membrane as an inner layer to line the joint cavity and to secrete synovial fluid.
76
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
It is a slippery fluid that provides lubrication and nourishment for the joints.
77
Where is the articular hyaline cartilage in a joint?
It lines the ends of the bones where articulation occurs.
78
Why would ligaments/muscles be really important for Synovial joints?
Synovial joints are very mobile, so we need to provide stability to them through ligaments and muscles.
79
Describe Planar joints and give 2 examples.
Non-axial, meaning no rotation, just gliding.
Ex: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints. These are the spaces between the bones in your hands and feet.
80
Describe Hinge joints and give 3 examples.
Uni-axial, meaning one axis of rotation (think of hinges on a door).
Ex: Elbow joint, knee joint, interphalangeal joints (joints between bones that make up the fingers).
81
Describe Pivot joints and give 2 examples.
Uni-axial, rotation of a bone relative to the bone next to it.
Ex: Radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint.
82
Describe Condylar joints and give 3 examples.
Bi-axial, meaning that it moves in 2 planes.
One bone has a convex shape at the end of the bone and the other has a concave shape at the end of the bone.
Ex: Wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints, and metacarpophalangeal joints.
83
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?
Gomphosis joint which is a fibrous joint. The line is pointing at periodontal ligaments.
84
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what are the arrows pointing at?
Sutures joint which is a fibrous joint. The arrows are pointing at the joints keeping the skull bones together.
85
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?
Syndesmosis joint which is a fibrous joint. The line is pointing at the interosseous membrane.
86
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the blue representing?
Synchondrosis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The blue is showing the hyaline cartilage of the 1st rib-manubrium.
87
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?
Synchondrosis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at the epiphyseal plate.
88
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?
Symphysis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at pubic symphysis, where the pubic bones come together.
89
What joint type and sub-joint type is this and what is the line pointing at?
Symphysis joint which is a cartilaginous joint. The line is pointing at the intervertebral discs in the spine.
90
What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?
Planar joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your intercarpal & intertarsal joints.
91
What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?
Hinge joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your elbow, knee, or interphalangeal joints.
92
What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?
Pivot joints which are synovial joints. This would be like the radioulnar joint & atlantoaxial joint.
93
What kind of joint would have these bone shapes?
Condylar joints which are synovial joints. This would be like your wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints, and metacarpophalangeal joints.
94
Describe the characteristics of saddle joints. List an example.
Biaxial, meaning there are 2 axes of rotation.
Ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
95
If both condylar and saddle joints are biaxial, then what is the difference between the two?
They differ in the structure of the bony parts at the point of articulation and thus their specific movements are different.
96
What type of sub-joint and joint type is this? Name an example.
Saddle joint, type of synovial joint. This could be the thumb 1st carpometacarpal joint.
97
Describe the characteristics of ball & socket joint. Name 2 examples.
Multiaxial, where there are 3 axes of rotation.
Ex: Shoulder and hip joints
98
What are the 3 axes of rotation in a ball & socket joint?
Forward/backward, side/side, and rotation.
99
What sub-type and type of joint has the most mobility?
Ball & socket, synovial joint.
100
What type of sub-joint and joint is this? Name 2 examples with this.
Ball & socket, synovial joint. This could be the shoulder and hip joints.
101
What is Flexion?
Movement that decreases angle at a joint. Usually an anterior movement.
102
What is extension?
Movement that increases the angle at a joint. Usually a posterior movement.
103
What is the exception to flexion being anterior and extension being posterior?
Knee and foot.
104
When we talk about flexion and extension, what plane and body position are we discussing?
Sagittal plane and anatomical position.
105
If I’m looking at something below me, is my neck in flexion or extension?
Cervical flexion.
106
If I’m bending over to touch my toes, am I in spinal flexion or extension?
Flexion.
107
If I am doing hamstring curls, is my knee in flexion or extension?
Knee flexion
108
If my arms are behind me, am I in shoulder flexion or extension?
Shoulder extension
109
If I point my toes at the ground, what am I doing?
Plantar flexion
110
If I point my toes to the sky, what am I doing?
Dorsiflexion
111
If my palm is facing forward and I move it to touch my fingers to my forearm, what am I doing?
Wrist flexion
112
If I make a stop motion with my hand, what is my wrist doing?
Wrist extension
113
Is dorsiflexion flexion or extension?
Extension
114
Is plantar flexion flexion or extension?
Flexion
115
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline.
116
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline.
117
When we talk abduction and adduction, what plane must we be in? Why?
The coronal plane because these are side to side movements.
118
What is circumduction?
Think of making arm or leg circles with your shoulders or hips when warming up at the gym.
119
T/F: when discussing rotation, this is around a central axis.
True
120
What is lateral/external rotation?
Rotation outward
121
What is medial/internal rotation?
Rotation inward across the body.
122
What is supination?
Rotation of the palm anteriorly.
123
What is pronation?
Rotation of the palm posteriorly.
124
What body part are supination and pronation in relation to?
Forearm positions
125
What do the radius and ulna look like with pronation?
The radius is rotating over the ulna.
126
What do the radius and ulna look like with supination?
The radius and ulna are parallel.
127
What is inversion?
Moving the sole of the foot inward. Think of rolling your ankle.
128
What is eversion?
Moving the sole of the foot outward.
129
What is elevation?
Moving superiorly
130
What is depression?
Moving inferiorly
131
If I open my mouth, is this elevation or depression?
Depression of the mandible
132
What is protraction?
Moving anterior
133
What is retraction?
Moving oosteriorly.
134
If I make a double chin, is this protraction or retraction?
Retraction.
135
What is the axial skeleton and what does it consist of?
It is the central axis of the body and it consists of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
136
What is the appendicular skeleton and what does it consist of?
Our extremities and the bones that connect these to the main skeleton. Pectoral and pelvic girdle.
137
T/F: upper and lower limbs are serial homologues.
True.
138
How do we know from evolution that upper and lower limbs are serial homologues?
Early in tetrapod evolution, forelimbs and hind limbs developed from similar processes.
139
What are serial homologues?
Limbs with similar bone structure but different functions.
140
What is an example of serial homologues?
The humerus and the femur.
141
Describe limb development.
Limbs initially develop in a neutral position. Then, the upper limbs rotate 90 degrees laterally and the lower limbs rotate 90 degrees medially.
142
T/F: Upper extremity = pectoral girdle + upper limb
True
143
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
Scapula and clavicle.
144
What makes up the upper limb?
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
145
What is the clavicle?
A “strut” between the sternum and the clavicle. It is the only bony attachment for the upper extremity.
146
What is the only bony attachment for the upper extremity?
The clavicle
147
What is a fossa?
A depression in the bone.
148
What is a process?
A bony projection that sticks out.
149
What is the main indicator of a posterior view of the scapula?
The spine of the scapula.
150
What acts as the socket in the shoulder and what bone is it a part of?
The glenoid fossa which is a part of the scapula.
151
What bone is the coracoid process a part of and in what direction does it project?
It projects anteriorly and is a part of the scapula.
152
What bone is this?
Scapula from the posterior view
153
What is this?
Acromion of the scapula
154
What is this?
Spine of the scapula
155
What is this?
Coracoid process
156
What is this?
Infraspinous fossa
157
What is this?
Supraspinous fossa
158
What is this?
Glenoid fossa
159
What is this?
Acromion
160
What is this?
Coracoid process
161
If I shrug my shoulders, am I elevating or depressing?
Elevation of the scapula
162
If I take a deep breath and relax my shoulders, what am I doing?
Depression of the scapula
163
If I stretch my back and spread my scapula apart, what is this?
Abduction
164
If I flex my back muscles to bring the scapula together, what am I doing?
Adduction
165
What is a tubercle?
A smaller ridge/bump of the bone.
166
Is the greater tubercle lateral or medial?
Lateral
167
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
A raised rough part of the humerus bone where the deltoid attaches.
168
What is the difference between the greater and less tubercle in the humerus
Greater is lateral and bigger. Lesser is medial and smaller.
169
What is the purpose of the capitulum and trochlea on the humerus?
They are distally located, serving as articulating surfaces for the elbow.
170
What fits into the olecranon fossa?
The ulna.
171
What is this?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
172
What is this?
Intertubercular groove
173
What is this?
The lesser tubercle of the humerus
174
What is this?
Deltoid tuberosity
175
What is this?
Lateral epicondyle
176
What is this?
Medial epicondyle
177
What is this?
Capitulum
178
What is this?
Trochlea
179
What are the bony parts of the shoulder joint?
Glenoid fossa (scapula) and the head of the humerus.
180
What two categories of ligaments surround the shoulder joint?
Glenohumeral ligaments and coracohumeral ligaments.
181
What is this
Shoulder flexion
182
What is this?
Shoulder extension
183
Are the styloid processes distal or proximal?
Distal
184
Label this bone from top down. What bone is this?
1) head
2) radial tuberosity
3) styloid process
This is the radius
185
Label this image. What are we looking at?
1) olecranon process
2) trochlear notch
3) head
4) radial tuberosity
5) interosseous membrane
Radius and ulna
186
Label this completely. What bone is this?
1) olecranon process
2) trochlear notch
3) styloid process
This is the ulna
187
What are the bony parts of the elbow joint?
For the lateral side, the capitulum (humerus) and the head of the radius.
For the medial side, the trochlea (humerus) and the trochlear notch (ulna).
188
What type of joint is the elbow? What movements does this allow for?
A hinge joint, synovial joint. Flexion and extension.
189
What ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint?
The ulnar (medial) collateral ligament and the radial (lateral) collateral ligament.
190
With baseball and tennis injuries, what elbow ligament is typically being damaged?
The ulnar (medial) collateral ligament.
191
What is a movement away from the anatomical position?
Flexion
192
What is a movement towards anatomical position?
Extension
193
What are the bony parts of the radio-ulnar joint?
The radius and ulna.
194
What type of joint is the radio-ulnar joint?
A pivot joint, which allows for rotation of one point relative to the one next to it.
195
What ligament is important for the radio-ulnar joint?
The annular ligament.
196
What is the annular ligament?
A ligament that surrounds the head of the radius to hold it against the ulna.
197
What movements does the radio-ulnar joint allow for?
Proximal and distal articulations.
Pronation and supination.
198
If the distal radius has crossed over the ulna, what position is the forearm in?
Pronation
199
If the radius and ulna are parallel to each other, what position is the forearm in?
Supination
200
What does pronation cause the radius to do relative to the ulna?
The distal radius will cross over the ulna.
201
What is the mnemonic for the carpal bones?
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.
202
Name the 8 carpal bones.
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
203
What carpal bone articulates with the thumb?
Trapezium
204
Label the 8 carpal bones
Thumb is on the left side.
205
If we looked at the dorsal side of the hand, what carpal would we not see?
The pisiform.
206
What is unique about the pisiform?
It sits atop the Triquetral bone on the anterior/palmar side.
207
What are the bony parts of the wrist joint?
The distal radius and the scaphoid.
208
What type of joint is the wrist?
Condylar, synovial
209
What are the 2 types of movement the wrist can do?
Radial/ulnar deviation
Flexion/extension
210
What is another name for radial deviation?
Abduction
211
What is another name for ulnar deviation?
Adduction
212
What are the metacarpals?
The bones in the palm.
213
What are the phalanges?
The bones in the fingers.
214
How many phalanges does the thumb have?
Just 2, distal and proximal.
215
How many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?
3 phalanges, distal, intermediate, and proximal
216
What are the joints between the phalanges or the bones in your fingers?
Interphalangeal (IP) joints
217
What are the joints between your palm and your fingers?
Metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joints
218
What are the joints between your carpals and metacarpals?
Carpometacarpal joints
219
What are the joints between your carpals?
Intercarpal joints
220
Label the joints.
221
What type of joint is the metacarpo-phalangeal joint?
Condylar joints
222
What 2 movements can the metacarpo-phalangeal joint make?
Abduction/adduction
Flexion/extension
223
What type of joint is the interphalangeal joint?
Hinge joint
224
What type of movement can the interphalangeal joint make?
Flexion/extension
225
What are the 5 muscles that move the scapula?
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Levator scapulae, Pectoralis minor, and Serratus anterior
226
Where is the Trapezius?
227
What are the origins of the Trapezius?
The occipital bone and the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
228
What are the insertions of the Trapezius?
The spine of the scapula, the acromion, and the distal/lateral clavicle.
229
What actions does the Trapezius muscles perform?
Elevates, depresses, and adducts the scapula.
230
What part of the Trapezius is responsible for elevation of the scapula?
The upper trapezius
231
What part of the Trapezius is responsible for depressing the scapula?
The lower trapezius
232
What part of the Trapezius is responsible for adducting the scapula?
The middle trapezius
233
Where are the Rhomboids?
234
What is the origin of the rhomboids?
The spinous processes of the vertebrae.
235
What is the insertion of the rhomboids?
The medial border of the scapula.
236
What action does the rhomboid do?
Adducts the scapula
237
Where is the Levator scapulae?
238
What is the origin of the Levator scapulae?
The transverse processes of vertebrae.
239
What is the insertion of the Levator scapulae?
The superior angle of the scapula.
240
What action does the Levator scapulae perform?
Elevates the scapula
241
Where is the Pectoralis minor?
242
What is the origin of the Pectoralis minor?
The ribs
243
What is the insertion of the Pectoralis minor?
The coracoid process of the scapula.
244
What action does the Pectoralis minor perform?
Depresses the scapula
245
Where is the Serratus anterior?
246
What is the origin of the Serratus anterior?
The ribs
247
What is the insertion of the Serratus anterior?
The medial border of the scapula.
248
What action does the Serratus anterior perform?
Abducts the scapula.
249
What 4 types muscles move the arm?
Flexors, extensors, abductor, and the rotator cuff.
250
Where is the Pectoralis major?
251
What is the origin of the Pectoralis major?
Sternum and clavicle
252
What is the insertion of the Pectoralis major?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
253
What action does the Pectoralis major?
Shoulder/Arm flexion and adduction.
Think of a bench press in the flexed position. The arm is kept close to the body.
254
Where is the Coracobrachialis?
255
What is the origin of the Coracobrachialis?
The coracoid process of the scapula.
256
What is the insertion of the Coracobrachialis?
The proximal humerus
257
What action does the Coracobrachialis perform?
Shoulder/Arm flexion and adduction.
258
Where is the Latissimus dorsi?
259
What is the origin of the Latissimus dorsi?
Spinous processes of vertebrae and iliac crest
260
What is the insertion of the Latissimus dorsi?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
261
What action does the Latissimus dorsi perform?
Shoulder/Arm extension and adduction
262
Where is the Teres major?
263
What is the origin of the Teres major?
Inferior angle of the scapula
264
What is the insertion of the Teres major?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
265
What back muscles share the common insertion of the lesser tubercle?
Teres major and Latissimus dorsi
266
What action does the Teres major perform?
Shoulder/Arm extension and adduction.
267
Where is the deltoid?
268
What is the origin of the deltoid?
Scapular spine, acromion, and clavicle
269
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
270
What action does the deltoid perform?
Shoulder/Arm abduction, flexion, and extension
271
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
272
What is the origin of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
273
What is the origin of the infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
274
What is the origin of the teres minor?
Lateral border of scapula
275
What is the insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor?
Greater tubercle of the humerus
276
What action does the supraspinatus perform?
Abducts the arm at the shoulder
277
What action does the infraspinatus & teres minor perform?
External/lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder
278
What rotator cuff muscles are posterior?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
279
What rotator cuff muscle is located anteriorly?
Subscapularis
280
What is the origin of the subscapularis?
Subscapular fossa of scapula
281
What is the insertion of the subscapularis?
Lesser tubercle of the humerus
282
What action does the subscapularis perform?
Medial/internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
283
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm that move the forearm at the elbow joint
Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachoradialis
284
What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm that move the forearm at the elbow joint?
Triceps brachii
285
What are the muscles in the forearm that rotate it?
Pronator teres, pronator quadratus, and supinator
286
Where are the biceps brachii? Point out the short and long head.
287
What is the origin of the long head of the biceps brachii?
Above the glenoid fossa
288
What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii?
Coracoid process of scapula
289
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?
Radial tuberosity of the radius.
290
How many joints does the biceps brachii span? Which are they?
2 joints. The elbow joint and the glenohumeral joint.
291
What action does the biceps brachii perform?
Elbow flexion and forearm supination.
292
Where is the brachialis?
Under the biceps brachii.
293
What is the origin of the brachialis?
Distal humerus
294
What is the insertion of the brachialis?
Proximal ulna
295
What action does the brachialis perform?
Elbow flexion
296
Where is the brachoradialis?
297
What is the origin of the brachioradialis?
Distal, lateral humerus
298
What is the insertion of the brachioradialis?
Radial styloid
299
What action does the brachioradialis perform?
Elbow flexion
300
How many heads does the triceps brachii have? What are they called?
3: Long head, lateral head, and medial head
301
What is the origin of the lateral head triceps brachii?
Lateral surface of humerus
302
What is the origin of the long head triceps brachii?
Below the glenoid fossa
303
What is the origin of the medial head triceps brachii?
Posterior surface of the humerus
304
What is the insertion of the triceps brachii?
Olecranon process of ulna
305
What action does the triceps brachii perform?
Elbow extension
306
What do we have to remove to see the triceps brachii origin?
The insertions of the rotator cuff muscles.
307
Where is the pronator teres & quadratus?
308
Is the pronator teres & quadratus anterior or posterior?
Anterior
309
What is the origin of the pronator teres & quadratus?
Ulna
310
What is the insertion of the pronator teres & quadratus?
Radius
311
What action does the pronator teres & quadratus perform?
Forearm pronation
312
Where is the supinator muscle?
313
Is the supinator muscle located anteriorly or posteriorly?
It is located in the posterior compartment.
314
What is the origin of the supinator muscle?
Proximal ulna
315
What is the insertion of the supinator muscle?
Proximal radius
316
What action does the supinator muscle?
Forearm supination
317
Are flexors in the anterior or posterior compartment?
Flexors are located in the anterior compartment.
318
Are extensors in the anterior or posterior compartment?
Extensors are located in the posterior compartment.
319
What is the origin of the forearm flexors?
Medial epicondyle of humerus, the radius, and the ulna
320
What is the insertion of the forearm flexors?
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of hand.
321
What action do the forearm flexors perform?
Flexion of the wrist, fingers, and thumb.
322
What is the origin of the forearm extensors?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, the radius, and the ulna.
323
What is the insertion of the forearm extensors?
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges of the hand.
324
What action do the forearm extensors perform?
Extension of the wrist, fingers, and thumb. Additionally, abduction of the thumb.
325
How many intrinsic muscles of the hand are there?
19 muscles in all
326
What are thumb muscles called?
Thenar muscles
327
What are 5th digit muscles called?
Hypothenar muscles
328
What is the carpal tunnel?
A band of tissue that travels across the carpals.
329
How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?
Tendons that travel under the carpal tunnel tissue can be overused, produce inflammation, and piss of the nerve there.
330
What comprises the lower extremity?
Pelvic girdle + lower limb
331
What is the pelvic girdle?
Ox coxae
332
What comprises the lower limb?
Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
333
Label this bone.
334
What part of the pelvic bone is an inferior vertebral extension?
The sacrum and coccyx
335
What 3 bones make up the Os coxae?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
336
Label this bone.
337
Label this
338
What does the ischiopubic ramus do?
It connects the ischium to the pubis.
339
What is the ischial spine?
It separates the greater and lesser sciatic notches.
340
What is the bony part of our butts that we sit on?
The ischial tuberosity
341
Label this
342
What does the false pelvis contain?
Abdominal viscera such as the intestines.
343
What does the true pelvis contain?
Pelvic viscera such as the bladder, rectum, uterus, and prostate.
344
What direction is the largest diameter for the pelvic inlet?
Side to side
345
What direction is the largest diameter for the pelvic outlet?
Anteroposterior
346
Why do babies turn in the birth canal?
Due to the differences in direction of largest diameter for the pelvic inlet and outlet.
347
Where is the false pelvis and pelvic inlet?
348
Where is the true pelvis and pelvic outlet?
349
Point out the false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic inlet, and pelvic outlet.
Green is false pelvis, pink is true pelvis, blue dashed line is pelvic inlet, red dashed line is pelvic outlet.
350
What are the 3 external ligaments that support the hip joint?
Iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, and pubofemoral ligament.
351
What internal ligament supports the hip joint?
Ligament of the head of the femur
352
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella
353
Where does the patella grow?
Inside the tendon for the quadriceps
354
What does the patella articulate with?
It articulates with the femur (only bony articulation).
355
Does the patella articulate with the tibia?
No! The patella only articulates with the femur.
356
Name the internal knee joint ligaments.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
357
Name the external knee joint ligaments.
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament and lateral (fibular) collateral ligament.
358
Name the cartilage of the knee joint.
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
359
Does the structure of the knee joint provide good stability? How common are knee injuries?
The structure of the knee joint does NOT provide great stability, and knee injuries are very common.
360
What is the "unhappy triad"?
A blow to the lateral knee results in a torn medial meniscus, torn ACL, and torn medial collateral ligament.
361
What is being shown here?
The "unhappy triad" in which the knee was impacted laterally causing a torn medial meniscus, torn ACL, and torn MCL.
362
What movements does the knee joint perform?
Flexion and extension
363
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge joint, which is uniaxial.
364
What is meant by valgus knee? What was this adaptation good for?
On humans, the femur is angled inward so that the knees are closer together.
This was an adaptation for bipedal locomotion.
365
What does valgus knee allow for?
Brings the knee and foot under the center of gravity.
366
How many tarsals are there?
7 bones
367
Name the 7 tarsal bones.
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms (3).
368
What movements does the ankle perform?
Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion.
369
What are metatarsals?
Bones in the foot.
370
What are phalanges?
Bones in the toe
371
What is the great toe called? How many phalanges?
Hallux. 2 phalanges.
372
How many phalanges do digits 2-5 have?
3 phalanges.
373
What movements do the toes perform?
Flexion/extension
Abduction/adduction
374
Why is the foot stiff?
Helps to act like a spring during walking
375
What is the origin of the Psoas major?
Transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
376
What is the insertion of the Psoas major?
Less trochanter of femur
377
What action does the Psoas major and Iliacus perform?
Hip flexion
378
What is the origin of the Iliacus?
Iliac fossa of ilium
379
What is the insertion of the Iliacus?
Lesser trochanter of femur
380
What tendon does the Psoas major and Iliacus share?
Iliopsoas tendon
381
Which is the largest of the 3 gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus
382
What is the origin of the Gluteus maximus?
Iliac crest and sacrum
383
What is the insertion of the Gluteus maximus?
Linea aspera and iliotibial band
384
What action does the Gluteus maximus perform?
Hip extension
385
What is the origin of the Gluteus medius and minimus?
Ilium
386
What is the insertion of the Gluteus medius and minimus?
Greater trochanter of the femur
387
What action do the Gluteus medius and minimus perform?
Hip abduction
388
When we stand on 1 foot, what do we need our gluteus medius and minimus to do?
On the 1 foot we are standing on, it needs to pull the body over the standing foot. This is necessary for bipedal locomotion.
389
How many arches are there in the foot? Name them.
3
2 longitudinal (medial and lateral)
1 tranverse
390
Where does our early evidence of bipedalism and foot arches come from?
Footprints in Tanzania early on.
391
Why do we have arches in the foot?
This was an adaptation for bipedal locomotion.
Also, shock absorption.
392
What makes up the bony parts of the knee joint?
The femoral condyles and tibial condyles.
The distal femur and patella.
393
What type of cartilage is in the knee joint?
Fibrocartilage
394
Other than shock absorption, what is the purpose of the menisci in the knee joint?
Produces a congruent shape to the joint for bony ends to fit together.
395
What is the purpose of the ACL and PCL?
Prevents excessive anterior and posterior movement of the knee.
396
What is a sesamoid?
A bone that forms and grows within a muscle tendon.
397
What is more stable, the shoulder or the hip joint? Why?
The hip joint is much more stable. This is because there is a deeper socket and more muscular support.
398
What bony parts make up the hip joint?
The acetabulum of the os coxae and the femoral head.
399
Where is the 1 internal ligament of the hip joint?
It is within the joint space at the head of the femur.
400
What does trochanter mean?
Bony projection
401
Are the femoral condyles better seen on an anterior or posterior view?
Posterior
402
Label this bone. What bone is it?
403
Label this
404
Label this
405
Label this
406
Label this
407
What arch is the highest of the 3?
The medial arch is higher than the other ones
408
Label the 3 arches shown
409
Label this
410
What muscle is this?
411
What muscles are these?
412
Where is the Piriformis?
413
What is the origin of the Piriformis?
Sacrum
414
What is the insertion of the Piriformis?
Greater trochanter of the femur
415
What action does the Piriformis perform?
Lateral/external hip rotation
416
What are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh called?
Adductors
417
Where is the Gracilis?
418
What is the origin of the Gracilis?
Pubis
419
What is the insertion of the Gracilis?
Medial, proximal tibia
420
What action does the Gracilis perform?
Hip adduction
421
What is this pointing at if this is superficial?
Adductor longus
422
What is this pointing at?
Adductor brevis
423
What is this pointing at if this is deep?
Adductor magnus
424
What is the origin of adductor magnus, longus, and brevis?
Pubis and ischium
425
What is the insertion of adductor magnus, longus, and brevis?
Linea aspera
426
Where else does the adductor magnus insert?
Adductor tubercle
427
What action does the adductor magnus, longus, and brevis perform?
Hip adduction
428
What does the statement "Brevis Sandwich" imply?
The adductor brevis is sandwiched in between the adductor long and adductor magnus.
429
Where is the Tensor fasciae latae? Point out the Iliotibial (IT) Band.
430
What band does the Tensor fasciae latae tense? What does this aid in?
The IT band. This helps to stabilize the hip and knee joints.
431
What is the origin of Tensor fasciae latae?
Iliac crest
432
What is the insertion of Tensor fasciae latae?
Lateral tibia via the IT band
433
What action does the Tensor fasciae latae perform?
Hip abduction
434
What is the line pointing at?
Sartorius muscle
435
What is the origin of the Sartorius?
Anterior superior iliac spine
436
What is the insertion of the Sartorius?
Medial tibia
437
How many joints does the Sartorius span? What are they?
Two joints. The hip and knee joint.
438
What action does the Sartorius perform? Think of how you cross your leg over your knee while sitting down.
Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip, flexes the leg at the knee.
3 actions going on.
439
How many heads does the quadriceps muscle have?
4
440
Where do all of the quadriceps muscles come together at?
All muscles come together to form common quadriceps tendon.
441
Name the 4 quadriceps muscles.
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis.
442
Label where the lines are pointing.
443
Label where the lines are pointing.
444
What is the origin of the Rectus femoris?
Anterior inferior iliac spine
445
What is the origin of the Vastus muscles?
Linea aspera. This means that they originate from the posterior femur and wrap around to the anterior.
446
What is the insertion of the quadriceps muscles?
Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
447
What action does the Rectus femoris perform?
Hip flexion and knee extension
448
What action do the Vastus muscles perform?
Knee extension
449
How many joints does the Rectus femoris cross? What are they?
2 joints. The hip and knee joint.
450
Label this image
451
Label
452
Label
453
Label
454
Label
455
What hamstrings are located posteromedially?
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus.
456
What hamstrings are located posterolaterally?
Biceps femoris (short & long heads)
457
What is the 'false' hamstring?
The short head of the biceps femoris.
458
What is the origin of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps femoris?
Ischial tuberosity
459
What is the origin of the short head of biceps femoris?
Linea aspera
460
What is the insertion of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Proximal, medial tibia
461
What is the insertion of the biceps femoris?
Fibular head
462
What action do the hamstrings perform?
Hip extension and knee flexion
463
What is the Pes Anserinus?
This is the common insertion of Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus on the proximal tibia.
Say Grace before Tea!
464
Are the extensors of the foot located anteriorly or posteriorly?
Anterior compartment (think of contracting for dorsiflexion)
465
What is in the lateral compartment of the foot?
The foot evertors
466
Are the flexors of the foot located anteriorly or posteriorly?
Posterior compartment (think of contracting for plantar flexion).
467
Name the extensors of the foot.
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus
468
Name the evertors of the foot.
Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
469
Name the flexors of the foot.
Gastrocnemius & Soleus, Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus.
470
What is the origin of the foot extensors?
Tibia & fibula
471
Where does tibialis anterior insert?
1st metatarsal
472
Where does extensor digitorum longus insert?
Distal phalanges 2-5
473
Where does extensor hallucis longus insert?
Distal phalanx of hallux (great toe)
474
What action does the tibialis anterior perform?
Dorsiflexion and inversion.
475
What action does the extensor digitorum longus perform?
Dorsiflexion and Extension of digits 2-5
476
What action does the extensor hallucis longus perform?
Dorsiflexion of foot and hallux (great toe)
477
Label
478
What is the origin of the foot evertors?
Fibula
479
What is the insertion of fibularis longus?
1st metatarsal
480
What is the insertion of fibularis bravis?
5th metatarsal
481
What action do the evertors of the foot perform?
Foot eversion
482
Label
483
Label
484
What is the origin of the Gastrocnemius?
Femoral condyles
485
What is the origin of the Soleus?
Tibia and fibula
486
What is the insertion of the superficial foot flexors?
Calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon
487
What action does the Gastrocnemius and Soleus perform?
Plantar flexion
488
What is the origin of the deeper foot flexors?
Tibia and fibula
489
What is the insertion of Tibialis posterior?
1st metatarsal
490
What is the insertion of Flexor digitorum longus?
Distal phalanges 2-5
491
What is the insertion of Flexor hallucis longus?
Distal phalanx of hallux (great toe)
492
What action does the Tibialis posterior perform?
Plantar flexion and inversion
493
What action does the Flexor digitorum longus perform?
Plantar flexion and flexion of digits 2-5
494
What action does the Flexor hallucis longus perform?
Plantar flexion and flexion of hallux (great toe)
495
What compartments and muscles are responsible for inversion of the foot?
Inversion of the foot occurs from both tibialis anterior and posterior working together.
496
How many intrinsic muscles of the foot are there?
21 muscles in total
497
Label
498
Label
499
Label
500
What is the skull comprised of?
Neurocranial bones + Facial bones
501
How many neurocranial bones are there? How many unpaired and paired?
8 bones.
4 unpaired. 2 paired.
502
Name the unpaired neurocranial bones.
Frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.
503
Name the paired neurocranial bones.
Parietal and temporal
504
What does it mean when we say a "paired" bone?
It has a bone for the left side of the head and another for the right side of the head.
505
How many facial bones are there? How many unpaired and paired?
14 facial bones.
2 unpaired. 6 paired.
506
Name the unpaired facial bones.
Mandible and vomer
507
Name the paired facial bones.
Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Lacrimal, Palatine, and Inferior nasal cochlea.
508
Label the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
509
510
Label
511
Label
512
Label
513
Label
514
Label
515
Label
516
What are Fontanelles?
Soft spots or areas where the bones have not yet fused at birth.
517
What do fontanelles allow for?
Allows for more growth and expansion of the neurocranium during childhood and flexibility during birth.
518
When do fontanelles close by?
All closed by 1.5-2 years of age
519
Label
520
Label
521
Is the vomer a facial bone or neurocranial bone?
Vomer is a facial bone
522
What bone is this?
Vomer
523
Label
524
Label this. What bone is it?
525
What contributes to the posterior part of the oral cavity?
Palatine bones
526
What does the hard palate consist of?
Palatine processes of maxilla + palatine bones
527
What does the soft palate consist of?
Soft tissues behind the hard palate which contains mucus
528
Label
529
Label
530
What is the zygomatic arch composed of?
Processes from temporal bone and zygomatic bone
531
What are these?
Nasal bones
532
What forms the bridge of the nose?
Nasal and maxillary bones
533
Label this
534
Why is the nasolacrimal duct important?
Tears from orbit wash across the eye and drain through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.
Tear production = lacrimation
535
What is a sinus?
Space within bone
536
What are paranasal sinuses?
Spaces within cranial bones that are around the nasal cavity
537
What are the colors showing?
Different sinuses
538
For the nasal cavity, what are sinuses?
Sinuses serve as an extension of the nasal cavity. Each drains through a passageway into the nasal cavity
539
What bone is this? Label it.
Mandible
540
Label this. What joint is this?
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
541
What type of joint is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?
A modified hinge joint.
To open the mouth completely, we first have a downward rotation, then an anterior glide.
Feel this with your fingers at the anterior ears while you open your mouth.
542
What does the TMJ joint consist of?
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone + mandibular condyle of mandible.
543
What sits between the bones in the TMJ?
An articular disc of fibrocartilage sits between the bones.
544
Name the auditory ossicles.
Malleus, incus, and stapes
545
Where are the auditory ossicles?
Found within the temporal bone (middle ear cavity)
546
What is the purpose of the auditory ossicles?
They conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane (ear drum) to the inner ear (cochlea).
547
What does the Hyoid do?
Serves as an attachment site for muscles to raise and lower structures in the neck while swallowing.
548
Does the Hyoid articulate with any other bone?
No, it is a 'floating' bone.
549
What are the parts of the vertebral column and how many vertebrae at each?
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5 fused
Coccygeal- 4 fused
550
What parts of the vertebrae are fused?
The 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal.
551
Where are the vertebrae the largest in the vertebral column?
The vertebrae grow in size as we go inferior. Small at the top, large at the bottom to support body weight.
552
If we are looking at an anterior view of the spine, how does it appear?
Straight
553
If we look at a lateral view of the spine, how does it appear?
S-shaped curve
554
Why is the vertebral column S-shaped?
It supports body mass and is important for bipedalism.
555
Label.
Vertebrae
556
Label the articular processes
557
What is the purpose of the articular processes?
They allow for adjacent vertebrae to connect and articulate.
558
Label
559
What are intervertebral discs?
Pads of fibrocartilage between vertebral bodies.
560
What are intervertebral foramina?
Openings for spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord.
561
What type of vertebrae is this? What is being pointed at?
562
What type of vertebrae is this?
Thoracic
563
What is the purpose of demifacets?
On the thoracic vertebrae, they allow articulation with the ribs.
564
What type of vertebrae is this? What is being pointed at?
565
What is C1 called?
Atlas
566
Describe C1
Has a posterior tubercle rather than a spinous process
Does not have a vertebral body
567
What is C2 called?
Axis
568
Describe C2
Has dens (odontoid process) that project superiorly to articulate with the anterior arch of C1.
569
What is this?
C1
570
What is this?
C2
571
What bones comprise the Atlantoaxial joint?
C1 and C2
572
Describe the Atlantoaxial joint.
It is a unilateral pivot joint that allows for rotation when you shake your head no. C1 pivots and rotates on C2.
573
What is the sacrum?
5 fused vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones to form the pelvis.
574
What are sacral foramina?
Openings in the sacrum for nerves to pass.
575
What is the coccyx?
4 fused vertebrae that act as the vestigial tail.
576
Label the sacrum and coccyx.
577
What is scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature
578
What is kyphosis?
Excessive thoracic curvature that gives a hunched look
579
What is lordosis? Who is associated with this?
Excessive lumbar curvature. People who carry a lot of anterior abdominal weight or pregnant women.
580
How many total ribs are there? Which are true and which are false?
24 ribs total (12 on each side)
1-7 are true ribs
8-12 are false ribs
581
What are true ribs?
Ribs 1-7 that are attached directly to the sternum.
582
What are false ribs?
Ribs 8-10 attach to cartilage of the rib above.
Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs and have no cartilage attachment to the sternum.
583
A single rib is attaching to how many vertebrae?
The head of a single rib will attach to the above and below vertebrae demifacet, thus, there are 2 vertebrae per rib.
584
What does the head of the rib do?
Articulates with demifacets of vertebral bodies.
585
What does the costal tubercle do?
Articulates with transverse processes.
586
Label the head and costal tubercle
587
Label the parts of the sternum
588
What is the sternal angle?
Where the manubrium and body come together.
589
What 2 categories do we divide the muscles of the head into?
Muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication (chewing).
590
For facial expression, how many muscles are there overall?
Over 40 muscles overall
591
Where is the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris?
592
What is the origin of the orbicularis oculi?
Bone of orbit
593
What is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?
Skin surrounding eyelids
594
What action does the orbicularis oculi perform?
Closes eyes
595
What is the origin of the orbicularis oris?
Maxilla and mandible
596
What is the insertion of the orbicularis oris?
Skin surrounding mouth
597
What action does the orbicularis oris perform?
Purses the lips (make a kiss)
598
Where is the buccinator?
599
What is the origin of the buccinator?
Maxilla and mandible
600
What is the insertion of the buccinator?
Orbicularis oris
601
What action does the buccinator perform?
Compresses cheeks, holds food between teeth.
Like making "fish lips"
602
Where is the platysma?
603
What is the origin of the platysma?
Skin of shoulder and chest
604
What is the insertion of the platysma?
Skin of mandible and cheek
605
What action does the platysma perform?
Tenses skin of the neck
606
What main bone is used to masticate food?
We move the mandible to chew food.
607
How many muscles are involved in mastication? Name them.
4 muscles:
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial & Lateral Pterygoid Muscles
608
Is the buccinator a muscle of mastication?
No! It helps manipulate food in the oral cavity but is not a muscle of mastication.
609
Where is the masseter?
610
What is the origin of the masseter?
Zygomatic arch
611
What is the insertion of the masseter?
Lateral surface of mandibular ramus and angle
612
What action does the masseter perform?
Elevates and protracts the mandible.
613
Where is the temporalis?
614
What is the origin of the temporalis?
Lateral side of neurocranium
615
What is the insertion of the temporalis?
Coronoid process of mandible
616
What action does the temporalis perform?
Elevates and retracts the mandible.
617
Where is the sternocleidomastoid?
618
What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
Manubrium and clavicle
619
What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process of temporal bone
620
What action does the sternocleidomastoid perform?
Unilaterally: Ipsilateral side bends the neck and contralaterally rotates the head.
EX: Touch your left ear to shoulder and watch right face.
Bilaterally: Neck flexion
621
What is a bilateral contraction?
Muscles on both sides of the body contract to produce a movement.
622
What is a unilateral contraction?
Muscle on one side of the body contracts.
623
What is an ipsilateral movement?
Movement towards the same side of the contraction.
624
What is a contralateral movement?
Movement toward the opposite side of contraction.
625
Label the Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid muscles.
626
What do the Suprahyoid muscles do?
Elevate hyoid with larynx and pharynx during swallowing.
EX: Touch anterior medial neck and swallow.
627
What do the Infrahyoid muscles do?
Depress hyoid with larynx and pharynx during swallowing.
628
Where are the erector spinae muscles?
629
What are the 3 muscles of the erector spinae?
Spinalis (along spine, most medial)
Longissimus (longest, middle layer)
Iliocostalis (along ribs, most lateral)
630
What is the origin of the erector spinae?
Spinous processes, sacrum, and ilium.
631
What is the insertion of the erector spinae?
Vertebrae and ribs
632
What action does the erector spinae perform?
Extension of the spine (maintain posture).
Keeps the spine "erect" for posture.
633
What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?
Rectus abdominis, external & internal obliques
634
What action do the abdominal muscles perform?
Flexion of the spine, rotation of the trunk, compression of the abdomen.
635
What is the origin of rectus abdominis?
Pubic bone
636
What is the insertion of rectus abdominis?
Xiphoid process and inferior ribs
637
What action does the rectus abdominis perform?
Trunk flexion and abdomen compression
638
What is the rectus sheath?
Flat muscle tendons from the oblique muscles that cover where the rectus abdominis meets at the midline.
639
What is the linea alba?
The midline of the rectus sheath.
640
What is the origin of the external oblique?
Inferior ribs
641
What is the insertion of external oblique?
Linea alba
642
What action does the external oblique perform?
Trunk flexion and rotation and abdomen compression.
643
In what direction do the fibers run for the external oblique?
Down and in
Think of "hands in your pockets"
644
What is the most superficial abdominal muscle layer?
External oblique
645
What is the origin of the internal oblique?
Iliac crest
646
What is the insertion of the internal oblique?
Linea alba
647
What action does the internal oblique perform?
Trunk flexion and rotation and abdomen compression
648
In what direction do the internal oblique fibers run?
Up and in
649
What is the second abdominal muscle layer?
Internal oblique
650
What is the origin of the Transversus abdominis?
Inferior ribs & iliac crest
651
What is the insertion of the Transversus abdominis?
Linea alba
652
What action does the Transversus abdominis perform?
Trunk rotation and abdomen compression.
653
What direction to the Transversus abdominis fibers run in?
Side to side
654
What is the deepest abdominal muscle layer?
Transversus abdominis
655
In regards to the thorax, when does breathing occur?
Breathing occurs when the thorax increases or decreases its volume.
656
T/F: Lungs sit in vacuum. Expanding chest inhales. Compressing chest exhales.
True
657
How are lungs manipulated?
By muscles acting on the ribs
658
T/F: Breathing at rest and forced breathing use the same muscles.
False! Different muscles work for breathing at rest versus forced breathing
659
What is the main muscle for breathing at rest?
Respiratory diaphragm
660
What is the origin of the Respiratory diaphragm?
Internal surface of ribs, xiphoid process, and lumbar vertebrae
661
What is the insertion of the Respiratory diaphragm?
Central tendon
662
What action does the Respiratory diaphragm perform?
Diaphragm flattens downwards for inhalation. Active for breathing at rest and forced breathing.
663
What is the main muscle responsible for forced breathing?
Intercostal muscles
664
What is the origin of the intercostal muscles?
Ribs
665
What is the insertion of the intercostal muscles?
Adjacent rib
666
What action do the intercostal muscles perform?
Assists with respiration. Active during force inhalation and exhalation.
667
What are external intercostals?
The superficial layer of intercostal muscles that run down and in.
668
What are internal intercostals?
The deeper layer of intercostal muscles that run down and out.
