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OB/GYN > EXAM #1: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF OB/GYN > Flashcards

EXAM #1: ENDOCRINOLOGY OF OB/GYN Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main phases of the ovarian cycle? Which is first and which is second?

A

1) Follicular (phase 1)

2) Luteal (phase 2)

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2
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

1) Follicle development

2) Endometrial proliferation

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3
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

1) Formation of the corpus luteum

2) Endometrial differentiation

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4
Q

What hormone predominantes in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Estrogen

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5
Q

What hormone predominantes in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Progesterone

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6
Q

How is GnRH released? Where is GnRH released from?

A

GnRH is released in a pulsatile fashion from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Overall, what is the concentration of LH and FSH during the ovarian cycle?

A

Low

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8
Q

How does the feedback of estrogen on the hypothalamus/anterior pituitary change throughout the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Generally there is negative feedback

- Mid-cycle i.e. ovulation there is POSITIVE feedback

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9
Q

What synthesizes the inhibins?

A

Granulosa cells of the ovary

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10
Q

When is the concentration of Inhibin B the highest?

A

Follicular phase and just post ovulation

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11
Q

What hormone does Inhibin B exert negative feedback on?

A

FSH

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12
Q

When is the concentration of Inhibin A the highest?

A

Luteal phase

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13
Q

Describe how estradiol is produced during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

1) Theca cells synthesize androstenedione in response to LH

2) Graulosa cells= FSH controls the conversion of androstenedione to estradiol

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14
Q

In the follicular phase, what do Theca cells synthesize?

A

Androstenedione

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15
Q

What controls the production of androstenedione from theca cells in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

LH

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16
Q

After the formation of a mature/dominant follicle in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, what change in hormone levels correspond with follicular atresia of the non-dominant follicles?

A
  • Decrease in FSH

- Increase in Inhibin B

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17
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the endometrium?

A

Proliferation

18
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the endometrium?

A

Differentiation

19
Q

At day 14, a surge in _____ causes ovulation?

A

LH and FSH

20
Q

What is absolutely required for ovulation to occur?

A

Surge of LH

21
Q

Why can basal body temperature (BBT) be used as an indirect marker of ovulation?

A

Progesterone causes an increase in basal body temperature

22
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Temporary endocrine gland in the ovary that secretes estradiol and progesterone

23
Q

How does LH increase the synthesis of progesterone?

A

1) LH upregulates genes of progesterone synthesis

2) Increased cholesterol uptake for progesterone synthesis

24
Q

How are the ovarian follicle and the corpus luteum related?

A

Follicle becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation

25
Q

What hormone inhibits the HPG axis during the luteal phase? How does this negative feedback compare to the follicular phase?

A
  • Inhibin A

- Negative feedback is more intense

26
Q

What does the corpus luteum become once it has regressed?

A

Corpus albicans

27
Q

What is “hatching” in implantation and formation of the placenta?

A

Breakdown of the zona pellucida

28
Q

What is “apposition” in implantation and formation of the placenta?

A

Trophoblast contact with the endometrium in the uterus

29
Q

What is “ adhesion” in implantation and formation of the placenta?

A

Integrin mediated attachment of the trophoblast (embryo) and decidua cells of the endometrium

30
Q

What happens in “invasion” during implantation and formation of the placenta?

A

1) Trophoblast becomes cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
2) Syncytiotrophoblasts send out protrusions that invade the endometrium

31
Q

What happens after the syncytiotrophoblasts invade the endometrium?

A

1) Syncytiotrophoblasts invade maternal veins and arteries

2) Primary chorionic villi form

32
Q

If fertilization occurs, what hormone is produced to maintain pregnancy?

A

hCG is produced by the syncitiotrophoblast cells of the placenta

33
Q

What does hCG bind to? What does hCG maintain?

A
  • Binds LH receptors

- Maintains the corpus luteum

34
Q

After the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, what secretes progesterone and estrogen?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast cells of the placenta

35
Q

What is hPL?

A

Human Placental Lactogen

36
Q

What are the functions of hPL?

A

1) Fetal metabolism

2) Fetal growth and development

37
Q

What secretes hPL?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast cells of the placenta

38
Q

What aside from the hypothalamus secreted CRH? When is this secreted?

A
  • Syncitiotrophoblasts and trophoblasts

- Dramatic increase prior to delivery

39
Q

What is the key role of the androgens/ DHEA in pregnancy?

A

This is the substrate for estrogen synthesis

40
Q

Where does DHEA come from?

A

1) Maternal adrenal gland
2) Fetal adrenal gland
3) Fetal liver

OB/GYN (19 decks)

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