Exam 1 Concept Maps

Question 1

Gas exchange: hypercapnic respiratory failure =

Answer 1

failure of ventilation

Question 2

Gas exchange: ventilation =

Answer 2

the amount of gas reaching alveoli (V)

Question 3

Gas exchange: V/Q ratio =

Answer 3

gas exchange efficiency

Question 4

Gas exchange: perfusion =

Answer 4

amount of blood feeding the lungs (Q)

Question 5

Hypoxemia respiratory failure =

Answer 5

failure of oxygenation

Question 6

Respiratory failure (gradual or sudden) =

Answer 6

Hypoxemia respiratory failure
Hypercapnia respiratory failure

Question 7

Respiratory failure CM

Answer 7

mental status change, tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, work of breathing, low O2, diaphoretic, fatigue

Question 8

RF: Hypercapnia respiratory failure causes =

Answer 8

CNS problem, overdose, neuro trauma, post-op complication, chronic asthma

Question 9

RF: Hypoxemia respiratory failure causes =

Answer 9

heart failure, FVO, PE, COPD, or infection (pneumonia, COVID…)

Question 10

RF diagnostics

Answer 10

CXR, ABGs, O2 Stat, labs, cultures, and V/Q scan

Question 11

RF what do you need to manage?

Answer 11

manage ARF while treating the cause

Question 12

RF treatment

Answer 12

O2, mobilize secretion, diuresis, antibiotic

Question 13

RF meds

Answer 13

steroids, bronchodilators, diuretics, MSO4, Nitro, antibiotics, benzos, opioids

Question 14

RF complications

Answer 14

cardiac failure, MOD

Question 15

RF nursing interventions

Answer 15

Assess/ABCs, HOB up, suction, apply o2, notify HCP, prepare for intubation

Question 16

ARDS characteristics

Answer 16

acute onset, not a primary problem

Question 17

ARDS criteria

Answer 17

refractory hypoxemia, P/F ratio <300, bilat. infiltrates
refractory hypoxemia: occurs in spite of supplemental O2 d/t damaged alveoli that cannot exchange gas
P/F ratio: fraction of inspired O2 expressed as a decimal

Question 18

ARDS causes

Answer 18

injury to the lungs: sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia, chest trauma, PE, inhalation, O2 toxicity

Question 19

ARDS causes phase 1

Answer 19

injury > inflammation/edema > V/Q mismatch > hypoxemia > refractory > atelectasis

Question 20

ARDS causes phase 2

Answer 20

reparative/proliferation worsening hypoxemia > pulmonary HTN > shunting > dense fibrous tissue replaces diseased lung tissue

Question 21

ARDS causes phases 3

Answer 21

fibrotic decreased lung compliance > decreased area of gas exchange > worsening pulmonary

Question 22

ARDS CM phases 1

Answer 22

tachypnea, tachycardia, respiratory alkalosis

Question 23

ARDS CM phases 2

Answer 23

Increased WOB, intercostal retractions, diaphoresis, cyanosis, mental status change, crackles, rhonchi

Question 24

ARDS CM phases 3

Answer 24

decreased BP and cardiac output, severe hypoxemia, tissue hypoxia, lactic acidosis

Question 25

ARDS diagnostics

Answer 25

serial CXR, ABGs, labs, cultures, PFT

Question 26

ARDS treatment

Answer 26

underlying cause, supplemental O2, high-flow/BiPAP, mechanical vent, proning, ECMO

Question 27

ARDS meds

Answer 27

analgesics, sedatives, neuromuscular blockers, inotropics, pressers, steroids, diuretics

Question 28

ARDS complications

Answer 28

MODS, sepsis, altered lung function, VAP, barotrauma, ulcers, VTE, AKI, psychological issues