Exam 1 Chapter 1 - 7 Flashcards by Prince Anthony De La Cruz

What are the 11 different Systems in Systemic Anatomy?

(I Saw My Nephew Eating, Ce Le Ry, it Digests Under Rapidly)

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory 
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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Microscopic vs. macroscopic/gross anatomy

Macroscopic:
	Study of Structures that can be seen without magnification
	Surface Anatomy 
	Regional Anatomy
	Systemic Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy:
The study of Structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology
Histology

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What are the levels of organization (AMC3x0)

Atom
Molecule
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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Homeostasis

Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment through its set points

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What are the different anatomical planes?

Sagittal – Parasagittal/Midsagittal
Frontal/Coronal
Transverse

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Ventral Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

 - Pleural Cavity
 - Pericardial Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavities

 - Abdominal 
 - Pelvic

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Dorsal Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

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Plasma Membrane

semipermeable membrane made of phospholipid bilayer

Phosophate Heads are Hydrophillic - Polar
Lipid Tails are Hydrophobic - Non Polar

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Cytoplasm

watery medium in the cell called the cytoplasm

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Ribosomes

manufactures proteins

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Nucleus

Contains the DNA structure chromosomes

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

folded membranes make proteins with ribosomes

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes lipids and hormones

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Golgi Apparatus

Stores and packages proteins for secretion. And producing lysosomes and transporting lipds

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Lysosomes

breaks down worn out parts in cell

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Peroxisomes

breaks down fatty acids for membranes, and converting hydrogen peroxide to water

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Glycocalyx

Glycoprotein and Glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes as a ID marker - and prevents immune cells from attacking healthy cells

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Active Transport

Active transport: carrier proteins can move specific substances across plasma membrane despite opposing concentration gradient.

Endocytosis: packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle.
Pinocytosis: vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring ECF and small molecules in the cell. “cell drinking”

Phagocytosis: vesicles form at the plasma membrane to bring solid molecules into the cell “cell eating”

Receptor-mediated endocytosis: target molecules bind to specific receptor proteins on the membrane surface, triggering vesicle formation

Exocytosis: release of fluid and/or solids from cells when intracellular vesicles fuse with plasma membrane.

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Passive Transport

Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Osmosis: diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated diffusion: solutes are passively transported across a plasma membrane by a carrier protein. –specific receptor site.

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What is a Flagella?

A propulsive structure on a cell that allows it to move. Only on sperm

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4 Main Types of Tissues

Epithelial
Neural
Connective
Muscle

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Which of the four tissue types has polaity?

Epithelial Tissue

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Connect
Support
Transport
Store

What is found inside of a cell and outside of a cell?

ICF: intracellular fluid.
ECF: plasma and interstitial fluid.

What are the different types of muscles, how many nucleus does it contain, and does it contract voluntarily or involuntarily?

Skeletal Muscle – Multinucleated, voluntarily moves skeleton, striated Cardiac Muscle – One Nucleus, involuntary, striated Smooth Muscle – One Nucleus, Involuntary, non-striated

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? And what cells are found in them?

Stratum Basale -Epidermal stem cell, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells (touch) Stratum Spinosum -Keratinocytes (bound by desmosomes), Langerhans Cells (immune resonse), Melanocytes Stratum Granulosum -Keratinocytes – (produce keratinhyalin), Lamellar Granules (lipid form between keratinocytes) Stratum Lucidum -(glassy layer ONLY ON THICK SKIN) palms and soles Stratum Corneum Flattened sheets of keratinocytes, Dead Cells

What cells make up the bones?

Osteocytes: old mature bone cells Osteoblasts: Building cells Osteoclasts: Killing cells Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells Chondrocytes: Cartilage Cells

Red Bone Marrow

Found in spongy bone, contains red blood cells

Yellow Bone Marrow

Found in the medullary cavity, contain fat

Transverse Fractures

(across) Break transverse to the long axis

Displaced Fractures

(not lined up) Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

Nondisplaced Fractures

Retain the normal alignment of the bond

Compression Fractures

(smashed) Bones "jam" together

Spiral Fractures

(twisted) Bones twist along the length of the bone

Epiphyseal Fractures

(through the plate) Fractures within the epiphyseal region

Comminuted Fractures

(pieces) The fractured area shatters into many bony fragments

Greenstick Fractures

(twigged) Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends

Colles Fracture

(through the radial head) A Break at the distal portion of the radius (wrist)

Potts Fracture

(through the fibia and tibula) Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula

Main hormones that stimulate bone growth?

``` Parathyroid Calcitonin Thyroxine Growth Hormone Sex Hormone ```

Parathyroid Hormone (Parathyroid Gland)

Stimulates Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts activity Increasing rate of calcium absorption along the small intestine. Reduces rate of Calcium loss in the urine

Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland)

Inhibits Osetoclasts - decreasing cirulating levels of calcium preventing loss in urine and adding it into the bone

Thyroxine (Thyroid Gland)

maintains normal activity of bone growth in the epiphyseal region

Growth Hormone (Pituitary Gland)

maintains normal activity of bone growth in the epiphyseal region

Estrogen/Testosterone

stimulate Osteoblasts to produce bone faster

Bones that make up the cranium

``` Occipital Bone Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bones Sphenoid Ethmoid ```

What is the transverse foramen?

The opening for the spinal nerves that are formed in between the transverse of the vertebrae

What are the atypical vertebrae?

Atlas - C1 Articulates the Occipital Condyle - Lets you nod your head Axis - C2 has a transverse ligament that binds to the dens - allows you to say “no” Vertebra Prominens - C7 has a long prominent spinous process

What bone are the Auditory Ossicles associated with

Temporal Bone

List the different type of Sutures on the cranium.

``` Lamboid Suture Squamous Suture Sagitall Suture Coronal Suture Frontonasal Suture ```

Three parts of the Sternum

Manibrium Sternum Body Xiphoid Process

What bones articulate with the sternum?

Ribs

What two muscles attach to the Coracoid Process?

The Pectoralis Minor is attached to the medial aspect of the coracoid. The Coracobrachialis is attached to the top of the process on the medial side The short head of the Bicep Brachii is attached to the tip of the process on the lateral side