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Anatomy > Exam 1 Chapter 1 - 7 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapter 1 - 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 11 different Systems in Systemic Anatomy?

(I Saw My Nephew Eating, Ce Le Ry, it Digests Under Rapidly)

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory 
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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2
Q

Microscopic vs. macroscopic/gross anatomy

A 
Macroscopic:
	Study of Structures that can be seen without magnification
	Surface Anatomy 
	Regional Anatomy
	Systemic Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy:
The study of Structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology
Histology

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3
Q

What are the levels of organization (AMC3x0)

A 
Atom
Molecule
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment through its set points

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5
Q

What are the different anatomical planes?

A
  • Sagittal – Parasagittal/Midsagittal
  • Frontal/Coronal
  • Transverse
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6
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity

 - Pleural Cavity
 - Pericardial Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavities

 - Abdominal 
 - Pelvic
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7
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Cranial Cavity

Vertebral Cavity

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

semipermeable membrane made of phospholipid bilayer

Phosophate Heads are Hydrophillic - Polar
Lipid Tails are Hydrophobic - Non Polar

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

watery medium in the cell called the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

manufactures proteins

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the DNA structure chromosomes

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folded membranes make proteins with ribosomes

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13
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids and hormones

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stores and packages proteins for secretion. And producing lysosomes and transporting lipds

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

breaks down worn out parts in cell

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16
Q

Peroxisomes

A

breaks down fatty acids for membranes, and converting hydrogen peroxide to water

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17
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Glycoprotein and Glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes as a ID marker - and prevents immune cells from attacking healthy cells

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18
Q

Active Transport

A

Active transport: carrier proteins can move specific substances across plasma membrane despite opposing concentration gradient.

Endocytosis: packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle.
Pinocytosis: vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring ECF and small molecules in the cell. “cell drinking”

Phagocytosis: vesicles form at the plasma membrane to bring solid molecules into the cell “cell eating”

Receptor-mediated endocytosis: target molecules bind to specific receptor proteins on the membrane surface, triggering vesicle formation

Exocytosis: release of fluid and/or solids from cells when intracellular vesicles fuse with plasma membrane.

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19
Q

Passive Transport

A

Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Osmosis: diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated diffusion: solutes are passively transported across a plasma membrane by a carrier protein. –specific receptor site.

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20
Q

What is a Flagella?

A

A propulsive structure on a cell that allows it to move. Only on sperm

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21
Q

4 Main Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial
Neural
Connective
Muscle

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22
Q

Which of the four tissue types has polaity?

A

Epithelial Tissue

23
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Connect
Support
Transport
Store

24
Q

What is found inside of a cell and outside of a cell?

A

ICF: intracellular fluid.
ECF: plasma and interstitial fluid.

25
Q

What are the different types of muscles, how many nucleus does it contain, and does it contract voluntarily or involuntarily?

A

Skeletal Muscle – Multinucleated, voluntarily moves skeleton, striated

Cardiac Muscle – One Nucleus, involuntary, striated

Smooth Muscle – One Nucleus, Involuntary, non-striated

26
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? And what cells are found in them?

A

Stratum Basale
-Epidermal stem cell, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells (touch)

Stratum Spinosum
-Keratinocytes (bound by desmosomes), Langerhans Cells (immune resonse), Melanocytes

Stratum Granulosum
-Keratinocytes – (produce keratinhyalin), Lamellar Granules (lipid form between keratinocytes)

Stratum Lucidum
-(glassy layer ONLY ON THICK SKIN) palms and soles

Stratum Corneum
Flattened sheets of keratinocytes, Dead Cells

27
Q

What cells make up the bones?

A

Osteocytes: old mature bone cells

Osteoblasts: Building cells

Osteoclasts: Killing cells

Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells

Chondrocytes: Cartilage Cells

28
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Found in spongy bone, contains red blood cells

29
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Found in the medullary cavity, contain fat

30
Q

Transverse Fractures

A

(across) Break transverse to the long axis

31
Q

Displaced Fractures

A

(not lined up) Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

32
Q

Nondisplaced Fractures

A

Retain the normal alignment of the bond

33
Q

Compression Fractures

A

(smashed) Bones “jam” together

34
Q

Spiral Fractures

A

(twisted) Bones twist along the length of the bone

35
Q

Epiphyseal Fractures

A

(through the plate) Fractures within the epiphyseal region

36
Q

Comminuted Fractures

A

(pieces) The fractured area shatters into many bony fragments

37
Q

Greenstick Fractures

A

(twigged) Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends

38
Q

Colles Fracture

A

(through the radial head) A Break at the distal portion of the radius (wrist)

39
Q

Potts Fracture

A

(through the fibia and tibula) Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula

40
Q

Main hormones that stimulate bone growth?

A 
Parathyroid
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Growth Hormone
Sex Hormone
41
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (Parathyroid Gland)

A

Stimulates Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts activity

Increasing rate of calcium absorption along the small intestine.
Reduces rate of Calcium loss in the urine
42
Q

Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland)

A

Inhibits Osetoclasts - decreasing cirulating levels of calcium preventing loss in urine and adding it into the bone

43
Q

Thyroxine (Thyroid Gland)

A

maintains normal activity of bone growth in the epiphyseal region

44
Q

Growth Hormone (Pituitary Gland)

A

maintains normal activity of bone growth in the epiphyseal region

45
Q

Estrogen/Testosterone

A

stimulate Osteoblasts to produce bone faster

46
Q

Bones that make up the cranium

A 
Occipital Bone
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bones
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
47
Q

What is the transverse foramen?

A

The opening for the spinal nerves that are formed in between the transverse of the vertebrae

48
Q

What are the atypical vertebrae?

A

Atlas - C1 Articulates the Occipital Condyle - Lets you nod your head

Axis - C2 has a transverse ligament that binds to the dens - allows you to say “no”

Vertebra Prominens - C7 has a long prominent spinous process

49
Q

What bone are the Auditory Ossicles associated with

A

Temporal Bone

50
Q

List the different type of Sutures on the cranium.

A 
Lamboid Suture 
Squamous Suture
Sagitall Suture
Coronal Suture
Frontonasal Suture
51
Q

Three parts of the Sternum

A

Manibrium
Sternum Body
Xiphoid Process

52
Q

What bones articulate with the sternum?

A

Ribs

53
Q

What two muscles attach to the Coracoid Process?

A

The Pectoralis Minor is attached to the medial aspect of the coracoid.
The Coracobrachialis is attached to the top of the process on the medial side
The short head of the Bicep Brachii is attached to the tip of the process on the lateral side

Anatomy (8 decks)

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