Anatomy Exam 2 Ch 10-14 Flashcards
Functions of TMJ Muscles
- Axial – Functions of TMJ Muscles
a. Masseter - chewing
b. Temporalis – moving the lower jaw back and forth
c. Lateral Pterygoid – Opens Jaw
d. Medial Pterygoid – Closes Jaw
Function of the Facial Muscles
a. Frontalis
- Frontal belly - raises eyebrow
- Occipital belly - tenses and retracts scalp
b. Orbicularis Oculi - Closes Eyes
c. Orbicularis Oris - Compresses, purses lips
d. Calcaneal tendon. - The tendon on back of foot that you can palpate.
3. K
Superficial Boney Landmarks
a. Thyroid cartilage -
b. Cricoid cartilage - Small bony-like prominence below the Thyroid cartilage
c. Location of brachial plexus -levels for a plexus (network) of nerves
d. Acromiom - Lateral end of scapula. where clavicle ends.
e. Medial epicondyle - Inner elbow
f. Linea alba - Separates the abs in the medial line
g. Iliac crest
h. C7 - The most prominent spinous process (Bottom of neck)
i. Gluteal injection site (Gluteus medius is muscle in area) - Between top of crack and lateral side of buttocks.
Structures in Anterior Cervical Triangle
- Palpitation of submandibular gland and lymph node
- Carotid Palpitation
- Hyoid bone
- Thyroid cartilage
- Jugular notch
Structures in Posterior Cervical Triangle
- Location of Brachial Plexus
- Clavicle
- Acromium
Anatomical Position of forearms
Radial – Lateral side
Ulnar – Medial Side
Palpating Arteries
- Brachial Artery - elbow
- Radial Artery – thumb
Lower Extremities - Popliteal Fossa - behind the knee
- Dorsalis Pedis - on top of foot
- Radial artery - on lateral side
- Effectors or Effector Organ
- Cell/Organ/Muscle that responds to stimuli and brings about a change
- Skeletal Muscles – Skeletal Muscle Fibers
- Visceral Effectors - Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Glands, Adipose Tissue
- Ie: Muscle contracts to move arm, muscle squeeze salivary
Glial Cells
- PNS
- Schwanns – forms myelin sheathes
- Satellite Cells – support cell bodies
- CNS
- Oligodendrocytes – forms myelin sheaths
- Astrocytes – forms blood brain barrier
o Supplies neurons with nutrient/removes waste
o Substrates for ATP
o Maintains homeostasis in ECF (water and K+) - Microglia – eats, immune cell
- Ependymal – Plasma goes through ependymal
o Tweaks plasma to become CSF
o Cilia to move
Where is Action Potential Generated?
Axon Hillock
Sodium Gated Channels found here also
Intereoceptors vs. Exteroceptors
- Interoceptors – Monitor internal organ activity
Ie: muscle spindle prevents overstretching - Exteroceptors – Provide info about the external environment
Ie: Touch (hot stove), pressure, sound waves, smell
- Proprioceptors
Monitor position and movement
Balance muscles that govern movement to smooth movement
- Preganglionic
before ganglion
Preganglionic and pre-synaptic are synonymous but preganglionic specifically refers to if there is a ganglion is present.
- Postganglionic
after ganglion
Nuclei vs. Ganglia
- Nuclei – CNS group of cell bodies
- Ganglion – PNS group of cell bodies
Afferent Tracts vs. Efferent Tracts
- Afferent Tracts – Sensory
- Efferent Tracts – Motor
Chemical Synapse vs. Electrical Synapse
Electrical Synapse:
- Transmits as electrical signal through Gap Junctions
- Two-way transmissions
- Faster than chemical synapse
- Found in Retina, Olfactory Bulb, Cerebral Cortex, Lateral Vestibular Nucleus, Hippocampus
Chemical Synapse:
a. Non-Vesicular
b. Cell-to-cell junction – transmits through one direction
c. Transmits through neurotransmitters
e. Slower transmission
f. Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Ventral Root vs. Dorsal Root vs. Spinal Nerve
- Dorsal Root carries sensory afferent (DRG)
- Ventral Root carries motor efferent info
- Spinal Nerve Exits through vertebral foramen
i. Contains both motor and sensory
CSF flow
- From Choroid Plexus made from Ependymal Cells
- To either 4 Ventricles (1 or 2) (3 to 4)
- Exits Subarachnoid Space
- Leaves into blood by the Arachnoid Villi
Tracts vs. Columns
Tracts are myelinated axons found in columns in the white matter
Columns are segments in white matter of spinal cord
Dorsal/Ventral/Lateral Horns
- Visceral sensory neurons (organs like appendix)
- Somatic sensory neurons (skin, muscle, joints)
Ventral Horn - Somatic motor neurons
Lateral Horn - Visceral motor neurons
- Sympathetic (T1-L2)
- Parasympathetic (S2-S4)
white vs gray matter
- White Matter
- Inside of brain outside of spinal cord
- Contain myelinated tracts
- Gray Matter
Outside of brain inside of spinal cord
Contain neuronal cell bodies
The Brachial Plexus (Really Tired Drink Coffee)
23. The Brachial Plexus (Really Tired Drink Coffee) C5 – T1 1. Ventral Rami 2. Trunks 3. Divisions 4. Cords 5. Nerves
Sciatic and Lateral Femoral Subcutaneous Nerve
- Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve – Ventral Rami of L2 – L3
Clinical: Meralgia Paresthetica - Sciatic Nerve – Ventral Rami L4 – S3
Clinical: Sciatica
