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Anatomy > Chapter 5 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are The Functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Blood cell production
  • Leverage (tendons)
  • Protection (heart, skull, brain, organs, spine)
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2
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

supporting connective tissue that converts to hydroxyapatite crystals - that resist compression

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3
Q

What makes up 1/3 of the the bone matrix?

A

Collagen Fibers

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4
Q

Which cells are the mature cells and are housed in the lacunae?

A

Osteocytes

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5
Q

What is a lamella?

A

Little plates and layers of and concentric circles of osteocytes

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6
Q

What are the channels that extend from the osteocytes to the bone capillaries?

A

cancaliculi

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7
Q

What are the Osteoblasts?

A

“building” cells - found in the inner and outer surfaces of bones. Responsible for osteogenesis.

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8
Q

What are Osteoprogenitor Cells?

A

Bone Stem Cells that will eventually differentiate into Ostoeoblasts. Heavily involved in repairing

They are found:
innermost layer of the periosteum
inner lining of the endosteum

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

“Kill” cells - that secrete acids, dissolving nearby bones. Causing the release of store calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood

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10
Q

Osteolysis

A

The process of osteoclasts breaking down bones through the release of store calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood.

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11
Q

What type of Lamellae are there?

A

Concentric - Circular
Interstitial - Filling the gaps between Osteons
Circumferential - Outer layer surrounding outside of the osteons.

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the long bone.

A

Epiphysis - the ends of the long bone
Diaphysis - the shaft
Metaphysis - at the joints of each ends

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13
Q

What is the Periosteum and what are the two layers of membrane called?

A

(around - Bone) a dense layer of connective tissue, enveloping the bones.

  • Outermost Fiber Layer
  • Innermost Osteogenic Layer (contains osteoprogenitor cells)
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14
Q

What form in the bones, that make up spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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15
Q

What is another name for Spongy bone?

A

Cancellous Bone

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16
Q

What are the strengths and weakness of Compact Bone?

A

Very strong when stress is conducted from one end of the bone to the other end.

Weak strength when stress is applied to the sides.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of Spongy bone?.

A

Trabeculae are oriented along the stress lines, with extensive cross-bracing.

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18
Q

What cells are found in the red bone marrow in the epiphysis?

A

Red Blood Cells and platelets

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19
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

Medullary cavity

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20
Q

Endoesteum

A

Covers the spongy bones in the medullary cavity (consists of osteoprogenitor cells) actively involved in repair and growth

One cell layer and incomplete

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21
Q

What are the two types of Ossification and which bones do they involve in making?

A 
Intramembranous Ossification (within mesanchymal cells)
- Headbones and Clavicle
Endochondral Ossification (within cartilage)
- Everything else
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22
Q

What are the steps of Intramembranous Ossification?

A
  1. DIFFERENTIATION OF OSTEOBLASTS FROM MESENCHYME
    - Osteoblasts cluster to secrete components of matrix
    - Osteoid then mineralized through crystallization of calcium salts forming the ossification center
  2. FORMATION OF BONY SPICULES
    - Osteoblasts differentiate into Osteocytes getting trapped into lacunae.
    - The developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in small struts called spicules.
    - Osteoblasts continue to be produced
  3. ENTRAPMENT OF BLOOD VESSELS
    - The rate of bone growth accelerates as blood vessels branch within and grow between spicules.
    - Spicules interconnect and start to trap blood vessels within bone
  4. FORMATION OF SPONGY BONE
    - Bone continues to be deposited by osteoblasts.
    - Bony plate is perforated by blood vessels.
    - Adjacent bony plates fuse together
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23
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth in length

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24
Q

Appositional growth

A

Grown in diameter

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25
Q

What are the four major sets of blood vessels associated with the long bones?

A

Nutrient vessels (artery and vein)
Metaphyseal Vessels
Epiphyseal Vessels
Periosteal Vessels

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26
Q

What factors regulate bone growth?

A 
Minerals
Vitamins
Calcitriol
Hormones
Sex Hormones
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27
Q

What vitamins and minerals are essential to bone growth?

(Calcium Can Make People Strong
along with
ACiD)

A 
Calcium Ions
Citrate Ions
Magnesium ions
Phosphate ions
Sodium Ions

Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin D3 (Calcitriol)

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28
Q

What glands are involved in bone growth and what hormones do they release?

A

Parathyroid Gland - Parathyroid
Thyroid Gland - Thyroxine and Calcitonin
Pituitary Gland - Growth Hormone

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29
Q

What do the Sex Hormones play in bone growth?

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity

30
Q

Transverse Fractures

A

(across) Break transverse to the long axis

31
Q

Displaced Fractures

A

(not lined up) Produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

32
Q

Nondisplaced Fractures

A

Retain the normal alignment of the bond

33
Q

Compression Fractures

A

(smashed) Bones “jam” together

34
Q

Spiral Fractures

A

(twisted) Bones twist along the length of the bone

35
Q

Epiphyseal Fractures

A

(through the plate) Fractures within the epiphyseal region

36
Q

Comminuted Fractures

A

(pieces) The fractured area shatters into many bony fragments

37
Q

Greenstick Fractures

A

(twigged) Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends

38
Q

Colles Fracture

A

(through the radial head) A Break at the distal portion of the radius

39
Q

Pott Fracture

A

(through the fibia and tibula) Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and the fibula

40
Q

What are the 7 categories of bones?

A 
Sutural
Irregular
Short bones
Pneumatized 
Flat
Long
Sesamoid
41
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Small, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull along the sutures. They develop from separate centers of ossification

Skull

42
Q

Irregular bones

A

Complex shape with short, flat, notched, or ridge surfaces.

Vertebrae and several bones in the skull.

43
Q

Short Bones

A

Boxlike in appearance. External surfaces covered by compact bone, but spongy interior.

The Carpal bones and tarsal bones

44
Q

Pneumatized Bones

A

Hollow bones or contain numerous air pockets

the ethmoid bone

45
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone. Protect underlying soft tissue and have an extensive surface area. Contain thick layers of compact bone with internal and external tables, and in between is spongy bone called the Diploe.

Roof of the Skull, Sternum, Scapulae

46
Q

Long Bones

A

Long and slender. Have a diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses and a medullary cavity

Humerus, Radis, Ulna, Femur, Tibia, and Fibula

47
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, round, and flat. They develop inside tendons

Joints at the knee - Patella, Hands, and the Feet

48
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, round, and flat. They develop inside tendons

Joints at the knee - Patella, Hands, and the Feet

49
Q

Process on a bone

A

Any projection or bumb

50
Q

Ramus

A

An extension of bone that forms an angle with the rest of the structure

51
Q

Sinus/Antum

A

A chamber within a bone, usually filled with air

52
Q

Meatus/Canal

A

A passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

53
Q

Fissure

A

A deep furrow, cleft or slit

54
Q

Foramen

A

A rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

55
Q

Sulcus

A

A narrow grooce

56
Q

Trochanter

A

Large, rough projection

57
Q

Crest

A

A prominent Ridge

58
Q

Spine

A

A pointed process

59
Q

Line

A

A low ridge

60
Q

Tubercle

A

A small rounded projection

61
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rough projection

62
Q

Head

A

the expanded articular end

63
Q

Neck

A

A narrower connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

64
Q

Facet

A

A small, flat articular surface

65
Q

Condyle

A

the expanded articular end

66
Q

Tochlea

A

A smooth, grooved articular, process shaped like a pulley

67
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland release and what does it do?

A

Releases parathyroid hormone stimulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts activity,

  • Increasing the rate of calcium absorption along the small intestine
  • Reduces the rate of calcium loss in the urine
68
Q

What do sex hormones do for bone growth?

A

Stimulate Osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate of epiphyseal cartilage expansion. Over time, the epiphyseal cartilages narrow and eventually ossify, or close

69
Q

What does the pituitary gland and thyroid gland produce for bone growth?

A

Growth Hormone and Thyroxine to stimulate bone growth until the time of puberty

70
Q

Steps of Appositional Growth

A
  1. Bone formation at the surface of the bone produces ridges that parallel a blood vessel.
  2. The ridges enlarge and create a deep pocket
  3. The ridges meet and fuse, trapping the vessel inside the bone.
  4. Bone deposition proceeds inward toward the vessel, beginning the creation to increase in diameter.
  5. Additional circumferential lamellar are deposited and the bone continues to increase in diameter.
  6. The Osteon is complete with new central canal around the blood vessel. Second blood vessel becomes enclosed.

Anatomy (8 decks)

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