Exam 1 (Ch. 1, 10, 4, 5, 6) Flashcards
What are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye?
microorganisms
Microbes include:
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses
Term for disease-producing microbes:
pathogenic
Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?
C. Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature includes:
genus and specific epithet of the organism
T/F viruses do not use binomial nomenclature?
True
Term for ‘bacteria’: means, pre-nucleus and single celled:
prokaryote
This type of bacteria is single celled, does not have a membrane bound nucleus, has a peptidoglycan cell wall, divides by binary fission, and derives nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis:
prokaryote
This type of bacteria is a prokaryote that exists in environments that don’t inhabit and is not pathogenic. It also lacks peptidoglycan cell walls:
archaea
The archaea that take CO2 and convert it to methane:
methanogens
The archaea that are salt loving:
extreme halophiles
The archaea that live at extreme temperatures:
extreme thermophiles
What is the eukaryote that has a membrane bound nucleus, chitin cell wall, produces spores and absorb organic chemicals for energy?
fungi
Unicellular fungi:
yeast
multicellular fungi:
molds and mushrooms
Unicellular eukaryotes that absorb or ingest organic chemicals from their surrounding. May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella. Free-living or parasitic and can perform phagocytosis.
protozoa
Eukaryote with cellulose cell walls. Use photosynthesis for energy. Produce oxygen and carbohydrates. Can live in soil, water, salt water:
algae
Acellular with a DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and may be enclosed in a lipid envelope. Inert outside living hosts and only replicate when are in a living host cell:
viruses
Term for parasitic flatworms and roundworms:
helminths
Eukaryote that is multicellular, not strictly microscopic, and live off of human tissue:
Multicellular animal parasites
Who developed the Tree of Life way to classify microorganism?
Carl Woese
What is the broadest form used to classify microorgnaisms?
Three domains categorized as the Tree of Life
The Tree of Life consists of which domains of cellular organization?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Are viruses classified in the three domains?
No, because they are non-living
Eukarya consists of:
protists, fungi, plants, animals
Who was responsible for discovering pasteurization and fermentation?
Pasteur
This person’s discoveries showed the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs (antibiotics):
Pasteur
Term for the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air:
fermentation
Term for the application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages:
paterurization
Who advocated for handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetric patient to another?
Semmelweis
Who discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax which led to demonstrating how a specific microbe can cause a specific disease?
Robert Koch
Who developed the first vaccine (smallpox)?
Edward Jenner
Term for the protection provided by a vaccine:
immunity
Treatment of disease with chemicals is called:
chemotherapy (targets more than just one type/cancer cell, thus causing many side effects)
What is the term for chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes (also considered a chemotherapeutic agent)?
antibiotics
Vaccines are meant to _____ disease; antimicrobial drugs are meant to ____ diesease.
prevent; treat
One of the first synthetic drugs used _____ from tree bark, to treat malaria.
quinine
This person developed a synthetic arsenic drug to treat syphilis:
Ehrlich
Who discovered the first antibiotic (penicillium)?
Alexander Fleming
Study of bacteria
bacteriology
Study of fungi
mycology
Study of protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths)
parasitology
Study of immunity; uses vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases
Immunology
Study of viruses
virology
What device has made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail?
electron microscopes
Study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
microbial ecology
Term for the use of microbes to clean up pollutants due to the bacteria’s ability to degrade organic matter or detoxify pollutants:
bioremediation
Study of how microbes inherit traits
microbial genetics
The use of microbes for practical applications such as producing foods and chemicals:
biotechnology
What kind of technology enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes?
Recombinant DNA
What type of technology can use bacteria to produce human insulin or genetically modify bacteria to protect crops?
recombinant DNA
Term for microbes normally present in and on the human body:
normal microbiota
This is the first line of defense to infection as it prevents the growth of pathogens and provides resistance to disease:
normal microbiota
List a few resistance factors managed by the normal microbiota:
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals
Term for the ability of the body to ward off disease:
resistance
The normal microbiota produce growth factors such as:
vitamins B and K
Term for a clump of bacteria that is held together by a matrix and can cause infections that are resistant to antibiotics:
biofilm
Term for new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence:
emerging infectious diseases
Koch’s Postulates
- microorganisms are isolated from a diseased or dead animal. 2. micro. are grown in pure culture and identified 3. micro. are inoculated into a healthy lab animal 4. disease produced in lab animal 5. micro. isolated and identified.
Science of classifying organisms that shows degree of similarity among organisms
taxonomy
Study of the evolutionary history of organisms
Systematics or phylogeny
Woese developed the three domains based on _______.
sequences of nucleotides in rRNA
Group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves (capable of sexual reproduction):
eukaryotic species
What is the most inclusive level of the taxonomic hierarchy?
domain
What is the most specific level of the taxonomic hierarchy and most specific in naming an organism?
genus and species
Order of the Taxonomic Hierarchy from greatest to least:
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What domains don’t have a kingdom?
bacteria and archaea
A population of cells with similar characteristics:
prokaryotic species
This species is very simple, single celled, not capable of sexual reproduction; procreate by binary fisson
prokaryotes
Kingdoms for eukaryotes:
protista, fungi, pantae, animalia
Term for a cell that can make its own food (plants):
autotrophic
Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche:
viral species
Term for placing organisms in groups of related species (non-experimental; lists characteristics of known organisms):
classification
Term for matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms (experimental; clinical lab):
identification
Greek word for prenucleus
prokaryote
Greek work for true nucleus (membrane bound organelles)
eukaryote
What kind of microbe has a peptidoglycan cell wall?
bacteria
What kind of microbe has a pseudomurein cell wall?
archaea
What has a polysaccharide cell wall?
eukaryote
What kind of cell wall do plants have?
cellulose
What kind of cell wall do fungi have?
chitin
rod-shaped
bacillus
spherical
coccus
spiral shapes of bacteria:
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
cell shapes specific to archaea:
star-shaped; rectangular
pairs of cells
diplo
clusters
staphylo
chains
strepto
groups of four
tetrads
cubelike structure of eight cells
sarcinae
What makes up a prokaryote’s outermost layer?
glycocalyx
What structure contributes to virulence because it prevents phagocytosis?
capsule
What is the term for a type of bacteria that live in community and are anchored by a matrix?
biofilm
What structure’s main job is locomotion?
flagella
What kind of structure moves the cell in a corkscrew fashion and is unique to spirochetes?
endoflagella
Term for hairlike appendages that allow for attachment? Many GI tract microbes have these so they can attach to the inner wall of the intestine without getting washed away.
fimbriae
This structure is involved in DNA transfer from one cell to another in order to pass on the gene pool in cells that do not sexually reproduce:
conjugation pili
What prevents a prokaryotic cell from lysis during osmotic changes?
peptidoglycan cell wall
peptidoglycan is made of:
protein and carbohydrate
What anchors the peptidoglycan to the plasma membrane?
teichoic acids
Gram positive cell walls have….
thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram negative cell walls have…
thin peptidoglycan layer
Lipid A on a gram-negative cell wall contains what?
endotoxin
What does the O polysaccharide on a gram negative cell wall serve as?
antigen
What determines the result of gram-stain?
the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer
This gram-stain results has a thick layer of peptidoglycan, produces exotoxins, has a high susceptibility to penicillin and is disrupted by lysozyme:
gram-positive
This gram-stain result has a thin peptidoglycan layer, is harder to treat clinically due to its low susceptibility to penicillin, and produces endotoxins and exotoxins causing fever, shock, and organ damage:
gram-negative
Gram-staining doesn’t work on what kind of cell wall?
atypical cell walls
What kind of stain is used on atypical cell walls?
acid-fast
Term for the waxy lipid that is bound to peptidoglycan on atypical cell walls:
mycolic acid
What microbe causes walking pneumonia?
mycoplasmas
What type of microbe is wall-less or has wall of pseudomurein?
archaea
Photosynthetic pigments that allow a cell to carry out photosynthesis:
chromatophores
Substances move from high concentration to low concentration and NO energy is expended:
passive processes
Substances move from low concentration to high concentration and energy IS expended:
active processes
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; continues until molecules reach equilibrium:
simple diffusion
Solute combines with a transporter protein or carrier molecule in the membrane so that ions and larger molecules are transported across a membrane WITH the concentration gradient:
facilitated diffusion
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water an area of lower water concentration:
osmosis
This is a special water channel through a lipid layer that allows water to pass through the membrane:
aquaporins
Requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes AGAINST the gradient:
active transport
This process is exclusive to prokaryotes; the substance is altered as it crosses the membrane so it remains inside the cell:
group translocation
How many chromosomes do all prokaryotes (bacterial cells) have?
one chromosome
What is the circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information?
bacterial chromosome
Term for extrachromosomal genetic elements that contain genes allows a prokaryote to adapt and produce toxins:
plasmids
Buildup and breakdown of nutrients within a cell:
metabolism
What is an exergonic reaction?
catabolism
What breaks down complex molecules providing energy and building blocks for anabolism?
catabolism
What is an endergonic reaction?
anabolism
What uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules?
anabolism
The energy currency of all cells:
ATP
Catabolism releases energy by ___ of molecules.
oxidation
Metabolic pathways are determined by _____.
enzymes
Enzymes act on a specific _____ and lower the _____energy.
substrate; activation
Metabolism is made _____ reactions that result in electron transfer.
Oxidation-Reduction
electrons =
energy
removal of electrons
oxidation
gain of electrons
reduction
oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction:
redox reaction
What is used as electron carriers in redox reactions?
NAD+ and FAD
Converts light energy to ATP:
photophosphorylation
Carbohydrate catabolism involves what three main steps to breakdown carbohydrates and release energy?
glycolysis, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain
What do you call the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid that produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and NADH?
glycolysis
Phototrophs use ____ energy.
light
Name the physical requirements for microbial growth:
temperature, pH, osmotic pressure (balance between solutes and water)
Name the chemical requirements for microbial growth:
water, carbon, N, S, P, O, trace elements, organic growth factors
Name the cardinal temperatures for growth:
minimum, optimum, maximum
cold loving microbes:
psychrophiles
moderate-temperature-loving microbes
mesophiles
These microbes are found in hot springs and their optimum growth temp. is 50-60 C
thermophiles
These microbes have an optimum growth temp greater than 80 C
hyperthermophiles
These microorganisms like moderate temps. (room temp.) and can cause food spoilage:
psychotrophs
These microorganisms grow well at body temp. which makes many of them pathogenic:
mesophiles
Term for when there is no significant growth (below freezing):
bacteriostatic
Term describing high temperatures and its ability to kill bacteria:
bacteriocidal
Microbe that REQUIRES high osmotic pressure (high salt):
extreme or obligate halophiles
Microbes that TOLERATE high osmotic pressure (high salt):
facultative halophiles
Obligate aerobes _____oxygen and run the electron transport chain.
require
Can grow with (tolerates) or without O2 via fermentation or anaerobic respiration (E. coli):
facultative anaerobes
Microbe that tolerates O2 but cannot use O2
aerotolerant anaerobes
Microbe that requires O2 concentration lower than air
microaerophiles
These microbes can’t tolerate O2 and are harmed by it:
obligate anaerobes
Name two enzymes that allow a cell to deal with toxic forms of O2(free radicals):
superoxide dismutase and enzyme catalase
What do you call a mixed culture?
biological sample
What type of media is used to suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes?
selective media
What type of media allow distinguishing of colonies of different microbes on the same plate?
differential media
A ____ is a population of cells arising from a single cell or endospore.
colony
The _____ method is used to isolate pure cultures.
streak plate
Normal reproduction for bacteria
binary fisson
Term for how long it takes a cell to go through one round of binary fisson:
doubling time or generation time
How do you calculate doubling time (equation)?
total number of cells = 2^n (n= number of generations)
Phases of bacterial growth:
lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase
During which stage of phase growth is there intense activity preparing for growth, but no division?
lag phase
During which stage of phase growth is there exponential increase in population?
log phase
During which stage of phase growth is there a period of equilibrium?
stationary phase
During which phase of growth is population decreasing at a logarithmic rate?
death phase
What kind of DNA tests are used for the classification of microbes?
DNA base composition, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization
What are two other way to use sugars in addition to glycolysis?
Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway
What are three references use to help classify microbes?
Bergey’s Manual, approved lists of bacterial names, biochemical tests
What do peroxisomes do?
Destroy fats
What structure within the cell forms the mitotic spindle?
Centrosome
