Exam 1 - Anatomy & Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Articulation
using your lips, teeth, tongue, etc. to make sounds like “b” or “m” or “s”
Voice
how we use our larynx to produce sounds
3 divisions (subsystems of speech)
respiratory system (power), phonatory system (source), resonance system (filter)
Fluency
the rhythm and smoothness of speech
Resonance
shaping speech sounds
Phonation
vocal folds vibrating to make sounds
Respiration
breath support from your lungs
Speech breathing vs. relaxed breathing
speech: fast, large inhale, long exhale
relaxed: equal inhale and exhale time (short)
vital capacity
full volume of air that can be expelled from lungs after full inspiration
2 functions of larynx
protection (from aspiration) and speech production
Phonation
vocal folds vibrate to produce sound
Larynx primary structures
hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, epiglottis
Sound is changed by the ______ of the pharynx (_____), velopharynx (____________ ______), and oral cavity
shape
throat
velopharyngeal port
Alveolar Ridge
just behind front teeth on hard palate (maxilla) point of contact for several sounds (“t”, “th”)
3 types of neurons
sensory, motor, interneurons
Afferent vs. Efferent tracts
Afferent: going towards brain (arrive)
Efferent: away from brain (exit)
3 main divisions of brain
brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum
Brainstem
HR, BP, breathing, sleep, swallowing, bladder control, sensory, motor
Cerebellum
control center for movement - rate, range, force, coordination, posture, balance (very complicated, more than just movement, speech motor control)
Cerebrum has two ________, two _____________, four ________
layers (white and gray matter)
hemispheres (left and right)
lobes (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital)
Meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Cerebral spinal fluid (flows between ________ and ______ mater). Function:
arachnoid, pia
flows through ventricles, and spinal cord, gives cushion/shock absorption, lets brain float, clears waste
Gray matter
outer part, processing and regulating info
White Matter
inner part, composed of axons covered in white myelin sheath
Motor cortex in ________ lobe, sensory cortex in _________ lobe. separated by central ________
frontal
parietal
sulcus
Which lobe has most connection to speech and language?
Frontal
Frontal lobe has _________ area (left/right), and __________ ________ cortex
Broca’s (speech production)
left
primary motor
Parietal lobe receives info from ________ ___________
external environment
Proprioception
knowing where your body is in space
Somatosensory cortex
receives and processes tactile information coming at body as well as proprioceptive info
Left temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area: auditory comprehension of verbal language
Right temporal lobe
comprehension of meaningful environmental (non-linguistic stimuli)
non-linguistic stimuli examples
music, different types of sirens, phone call vs. alarm, dog barking, birds chirping
Occipital lobe
visual processing
Basal ganglia
movement control, cognition, emotions
Basal ganglia damage leads to _____________ and _____________ disorders
hypokinetic
hyperkinetic
How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves?
12 cranial, 31 spinal
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal (both): Face and mouth, jaw muscles (chewing), taste for anterior 1/3 of tongue
Cranial nerve VII
Facial (both): face and lips
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear (sensory): hearing and balance
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal (both):
Cranial nerve X
Vagus (both): vocal cords, raising the velum
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal (motor): tongue
