(2) Pediatric speech disorders Flashcards
organic SSD
cause is unknown
organic SSD cause examples
hearing loss, cleft palate, genetic condition, TBI, etc.
functional SSD
cause is unknown
types of speech sound errors: SODA
Substitution errors
Omission errors
Distortion errors
Addition errors
Substitutions
common, one phoneme is subbed for target phoneme
for substitutions, there is a better prognosis is errors are __________ and _________
predictable
common
substitution example
r in rabbit becomes w
Omissions
if a sound or syllable shape is too hard, they just leave that part out (omit). common in very young kids
omission examples
bright = “bwight”or “bight”, elephant = “ephant”, umbrella = “brella”, banana = “nana”
distortions
Sound is produced imprecisely, but NOT as a different phoneme. Has characteristics of target sounds, but not produced clearly
distortion examples
-frontal lisp: slushy th (thun, thoo)
-lateral lisp: slushy sh or zh
-r: closer to w but not quite
additions (least common)
extra vowels are most common, but not usually seen in young and typically developing children; can be red flag (motor)
additions examples
glass = “gwass” or “gas”, boat = “boatuh”, blue = “buhlue”
structural issues that cause articulation errors
cleft lip and palate, macro or microglossia
both cleft lip and palate is more common than _____ ______ _________
just cleft palate
unrepaired CP means
oral and nasal cavity cannot be separated
kids having cleft lip/palate sets them back in practicing sounds, leads to
predictable sound errors
functional articulation disorders
MOTOR inability to control the articulatory mechanism to produce sounds (voice, place, manner)
with articulation disorders, speech is/isn’t usually understood well by others
usually is/isn’t associated with other problems
is
isn’t
T/F: functional articulation disorders are related to obvious structural differences
False
Functional phonological disorders
inability to organize rule-based patterns that sounds follow to create words
with phonological disorders…
speech is/isn’t hard to understand
affects a few select sounds, or whole classes of sounds
is/isn’t associated with other language problems
is
whole classes of sounds
is
residual articulation errors
persistent errors that require therapy but are usually resolved by 8 or 9
what kind of treatment is big for residual articulation errors in adults/older kids
biofeedback treatment
atypical phonological processes in English
-backing (two = “coo”, dog = “gog”)
-initial consonant deletion (coat = “oat”)
-fricatives replacing stops (two = “soo”)
-stopping of glides (yes = “des”)
every child getting speech therapy needs to have two things checked:
hearing
chronic ear infections
why do chronic ear infections delay speech/get in the way of hearing
infections make fluid build up in middle ear space which blocks sounds from being transmitted, slowing development because they can’t perceive sounds as much as other kids
what are the two types of exams every child needs to get prior to receiving speech therapy
oral mechanism exam and motor speech exam
oral mechanism exam
structure and function of oral mechanism, cranial nerve exam
motor speech exam
diadochokinetic rate: saying “papapapa” as fast as possible, also “ta” and “ca”, “pataca”
when assessing kids, what is finding their articulation inventory?
what sounds they can say, word positions
norm-referenced assessment
tell them to say certain words and pay attention to speech sounds
pros and cons of norm-referenced assessment
pros: cheap, quick and easy, standardized (get percentile rank)
cons: sometimes kids figure out how to say a sound well when you ask, but can’t do it in a sentence/different context
stimulability testing
can child produce correct sound with help? (cues, modeling) helps prioritize where to start
articulation treatment
make sure you work on how you make sounds, what is correct vs. incorrect, go to other environments like house, school, etc.
phonological treatment
minimal pairs (bat vs pat, dog vs dig), final consonants
teach kids that sounds they say will…
change the meaning of their message
