Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs with a unique collective function

We have 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organ

A

2 or more tissues

Carries out a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tissue

A

Similar cells and ell products, part of an organ, carries out a particular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Situs solitus

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Situs inversus

A

Inverted organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, sometimes incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Right-left reversal of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Situs perversus

A

When a single organ is out of place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions
Your body maintains conditions close to a set point no matter what the outside conditions are
A living system that is at equilibrium with its environment is actually dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change from generation to generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Balanced change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Negative feedback

A

A change away from the set point is sensed
Mechanisms are activated that negate or reverse the change
Examples: vasodilation and sweating to cool the body and vasoconstriction to help warm the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Receptor

A

Senses the change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integrating center

A

Examines the input information and makes a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Effector

A

Carries out the response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Self amplifying because the effector causes more of the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the front or belly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back or spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the ventral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the dorsal side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Superior

A

Above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inferior

A

Below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medial

A

Towards the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pleural cavities

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Digestive organs, spleen, kidneys

33
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

34
Q

Viscus

A

Body organ

35
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid medium something is dissolved in

36
Q

Solute

A

The “something” dissolved in the solvent

37
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture of dissolved solute and solution

38
Q

Osmosis

A

Water solutions on two sides of a membrane try to move either solvent or solute to even put the concentration of water and solute

39
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

A working definition
A reaction or physical process will tend to go in a particular direction
A reaction or physical process will tend to only go so far
Where it goes is inherent to the chemicals involved and conditions (temperature, pressure)
The amount of situation A relative to situation B

40
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of chemical reactions taking place in the body; some of them build up complicated molecules to build our bodies; some of them break down complicated molecules for energy

41
Q

Anabolism

A

The reactions that build up molecules in the body; energy is used to make complicated molecules; the energy is stored in newly made molecules

42
Q

Catabolism

A

The reactions that break down complicated molecules in order to get energy

43
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars (can be broken down in catabolic reactions for energy)
Hydrophilic
Monosaccharide- monomer
Disaccharide- two monosaccharides (fructose+glucose= sucrose)
Polysaccharide- polymer of monosaccharides

44
Q

Lipids

A

Fats
This is a functional definition for almost everything in the body that is not soluble in water
They are all hydrophobic

45
Q

Proteins

A

Enzymes
Amino acid- the monomer of a protein
Dipeptide- two amino acids put together
Peptide, polypeptide, or protein- a polymer of many (usually different) amino acids

46
Q

Glycogen

A 
A typical polysaccharide
Polyglucose
Branched
The body’s storage form of glucose
The individual glucose monomers can be broken off (catabolism) and out back on (anabolism)
47
Q

Triglycerides

A

This is a form of lipid that is used for energy storage

Cis and trans bonds and health

48
Q

Protein structure

A

Important for the function of a protein
If a protein does not “fold” correctly it can cause disease (Alzheimer’s and Mad Cow)
Proteins carry out almost all the reactions in the body (enzymes)

49
Q

A chiral molecule

A

You can switch this at the carbon
Carbon bound to 4 different things is special this way
Called chirality- very common in biological molecules
Molecule man demonstration

50
Q

Cell sizes

A
  • Some cells grow and eventually divide
  • They need to divide because there is a limit to the size a cell can grow
  • Limited by surface area to volume ratio
  • Diameter, surface area, and volume
  • do a calculation
51
Q

Cell structure

A

Cell parts
ICF (intracellular fluid,cytosol)
ECF(extracellular fluid)
Cell structure is important for human physiology

52
Q

Membrane lipids

A 
The membrane is like a solution
The solvent is made of membrane lipids
Phospholipids (75%)
- hydrophilic heads
- hydrophobic tails
-forms a bilayer 
Cholesterol (20%)
- hydrophilic head chain
- hydrophobic tail (the rings)
- controls membrane fluidity
Glycolipids (5%)
- simulate to a phospholipid but have a carb chain attached to the cell out surface side
- helps to form the carb-based glucocalyx
53
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Span the membrane and move laterally in it
Hydrophobic in the membrane, hydrophilic on the surfaces
Many have carb groups (glycoproteins)
Some are anchored in the cytoskeleton

54
Q

Receptors

A

Binds a molecule on the cell surface and relays the message that the molecule carries to the inside of the cell
Specific for one molecule, often specific for one type of cell

55
Q

Enzymes

A

Helps carry out chemical reactions that happened on, above, or below the cell surface

56
Q

Carriers

A

Transfer a solute from one side of the membrane to the other, uses energy

57
Q

Cell-identity markers

A

Glycoproteins on cell surface that work as an ID card to tell other cell what type of cell it is. Differentiates host from foreign, viral infected, or cancer cells

58
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules

A

Glycoproteins that make cells stick to other cells in a tissue

59
Q

Second messengers

A 
Example: epinephrine binding to a liver cell
Receptor
G-protein
Adenylate Cyclades
cAMP
Kinases 
Enzymes
60
Q

An inhibitor of the phosphodiesterade

A

Caffeine
Blocks step 7
Prolonged release of glucose

61
Q

The glycocalyx

A

Carbs of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and the intercellular matrix
Chemically unique in everyone
ID tag for cells and tissues
Cell adhesion

62
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

63
Q

Four primary tissues

A

Epithelial- organ surfaces
Connective- support or protection
Nervous- transmission of coded information
Muscular- elongated, excited cells for contraction

64
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer, gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

65
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands

66
Q

Mesoderm

A

A layer of more loosely organized cells between the two layers, gives rise to medenchyne, becomes muscle, bone, and blood

67
Q

Interpreting tissue sections

A

How sections are made

  • preserved in fixative that makes them stiff and prevents decay
  • sometimes they are embedded in plastic, wax, or are frozen
  • cut into histology all sections one or two cell layers thick for clarity
  • mounted on slides with permanent glass or plastic coverings
  • depending on the tissue and process used, at some point they are stained
68
Q

Epithelial tissue

A 
Flat sheets of closely packed cells
Bound to a basement membrane
- not a lipid membrane 
- collagen, laminin, fibronectin, heparin sulfate
Categories- simple, stratified
Shapes we have seen before
69
Q

Connective tissue

A

Mostly fibers and ground substance
Functions: binding of organs(ligaments, fats, fibers), support(bones, cartilage), physical protection(cranium, ribs, fat), immune protection (immune cells), movement (bones and cartilage), storage (fat, calcium in bone), heat production (brown fat), and transport (blood)

70
Q

Intercellular junctions

A 
Keep cells together
- stiff
- flexible
- tight junctions act a seal
Allow for communication 
-gap junctions
71
Q

Glands

A

Secret a substance- usually into the bloodstream, also skin surface, or into intestine
Endo- internal
Exo- external, including intestinal lumen
Most have epithelial tissue
- usually cuboidal is part of it

72
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Lines passages that open to the external environment
Consists of two to three layers
- epithelium
- laminate propria- areolar connective tissue
- muscular is mucosal- smooth muscle layer
Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions
Covered with mucus

73
Q

Tissue growth

A

Tissues grow during different stages of development and during repair

74
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Growth due to cell multiplication

75
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Growth due to cell enlargement, preexisting cells

76
Q

Neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor (neoplasm), usually contains non-functional cells

77
Q

Regeneration

A

When an injured part or group of cells is replaced by the same cells, restores function

78
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged tissue by scar tissue, mainly collagen, produced by fibroblasts

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions