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Human Anatomy > 224 Lecture Final > Flashcards

224 Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system

A

Organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue

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2
Q

Examples of chemical digestion

A

Polysaccharides into monosaccharides
Proteins into amino acids
Fats into monoglycerides
Nucleic acids into nucleotides

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3
Q

Accessory organs

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

What is saliva composed of

A 
Salivary amylase
Lingual lipase
Mucus
Lysozyme
Immunoglobulin A
Electrolytes
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5
Q

Swallowing center

A

Coordinated by medulla oblongata through nerves of face

Started by trigger in brain

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6
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Mechanically breaks up food, liquefies it, and begins chemical digestion of protein and fat

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7
Q

Cells and their function

A

Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

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8
Q

Mucous cells

A

Secrete mucus

Protect stomach from its own acid

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9
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid

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10
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

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11
Q

Phases of gastric activity

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

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12
Q

Cephalic phase

A

Stomach controlled by brain

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13
Q

Gastric phase

A

Stomach controlling itself

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14
Q

Intestinal phase

A

Stomach being controlled by small intestines

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15
Q

Function of the liver

A

Secretes bile

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16
Q

Path of bile

A

Secreted into duodenum

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17
Q

Regions of the small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum- longest

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18
Q

Protein digestion

A

Pro teases (peptidases)- enzymes that digest proteins

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19
Q

Emulsification droplets

A

Broken down further by bile, lecithin, and agitation produced by intestinal segmentation

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20
Q

Role of intestinal microbes

A

Gut microbiome
-Bacteria digest cellulose
-Help in synthesis of vitamins B and K
Flatus
-Flatus is intestinal gas and a lot of it is swallowed air, but bacteria add to it
- bacteria are involved in the formation of prt of the feces

21
Q

Body weight

A

Weight is stable of energy intake equals energy output

22
Q

Gut-brain peptides

A

Two way chemical signals between gastrointestinal tract and brain

23
Q

Short vs long term regulators

A 
Short term:
-peptide Y(PYY)
-cholecystokinin (CCK)
Long term:
-insulin
24
Q

Macronutrients

A

Must be consumed in relatively large quantities

Water, carbs, lipids, and proteins

25
Q

Micronutrients

A

Only small quantities are required

Vitamins and minerals

26
Q

Complete proteins

A

High quality complete proteins- provide all essential amino acids
-animal proteins- meat, eggs, dairy

27
Q

Minerals vs vitamins

A

Minerals- inorganic elements

Vitamins- organic compounds

28
Q

Vitamin deficiencies

A

Vitamin A deficiency- night blindness; dry skin, hair, and conjunctiva; cloudy corneas, and increased incidence of infections
-most common vitamin deficiency

29
Q

Body temperature (shell temperature)

A

Oral cavity and skin

30
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Heat-losing mechanisms

  • cutaneous vasodilation- increases blood flow close to the body’s surface and promotes heat loss
  • •if necessary, triggers sweating
31
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

From severe water and electrolyte loss

From exposure to excessive heat

32
Q

Primary sex organs (gonads)

A

Testis and ovaries

Gametes- sperm and egg

33
Q

Secondary sex organs

A

Male- system of ducts, glands; penis delivers sperm cells

Female- uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina receive sperm and harbor developing fetus

34
Q

Sex of child

A

XY- male
XX- female
Determined by sperm

35
Q

Descent of the testis

A

Descent of the testes begins as early as 6 weeks

Stimulated by the presence of testosterone

36
Q

Spermatic ducts

A
  • transport sperm from testis to the urethra
37
Q

Accessory glands

A

Seminal vesicles
-forms 60% of semen
Prostate
-thin milky secretion forms 30% of semen

38
Q

Enlarged prostate

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia- non cancerous enlargement of the prostate
- compresses urethra and obstructs flow of urine

39
Q

Hormones

A

LH- stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
- testosterone stimulates development of the secondary sex characteristics, spermalogenesis, and libido
Inhibit- nurse cells- suppresses FSH output from the pituitary, reducing sperm production
-adjusts rate of sperm production (spermalogenesis) without affecting testosterone secretion

40
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of making sperm

  1. Germ cells divide
  2. Reduction of chromosomes (1/2)
  3. Shuffling of genes- genetic variation

Melosis- recombined genes, produces four haploid cells, with 23 chromosomes each, that will become sperm (gametes)

41
Q

Composition of semen

A

Semen (seminal fluid)

- 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, and 10% sperm

42
Q

Neural control

A

Penis is richly innervated

- innervated by the internal pudendal

43
Q

Internal genitalia

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

44
Q

Female reproductive tract

A

Uterine tube- where ovulated egg is released, fertilization occurs

45
Q

Puberty (female)

A

Estrogens are feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body
The earliest sign of puberty is the inset of breast development

46
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes
-divided into four phases

47
Q

Resolution

A

Women do not have refractory period: may quickly experience additional orgasms

48
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Pregnancy detection hormone

-stimulates growth of corpus luteum

49
Q

Stages of labor

A
  1. dilation- longest stage
  2. Expulsion
  3. Placental stage

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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