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Human Anatomy > 224 Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

224 Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system

A

Not an organ system

Throughout the body

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A 
Immunity
Lipid absorption 
Fluid recovery 
Transport lymph**
Gathering fluid from lymphatic system
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3
Q

Lacteals

A

Special lymphatic vessels

In the small intestines and absorb dietary lipid that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

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4
Q

What is lymph?

A

-Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plans a, but much less proteins

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5
Q

Largest lymphatic vessels

A

Collecting ducts

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6
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein

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7
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Larger and longer, begins as a sac in abdomen called the cisterns chili; receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

Antibacterial

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9
Q

Natural killer (NK) cell

A

attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that turned cancerous

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10
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

Mature in thymus

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11
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

Activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies

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12
Q

Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

A

Aggregations of lymphocytes

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13
Q

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

Aggregated lymphoid nodules: dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine

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14
Q

Three main sets of tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil

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15
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Pair at posterior margin of oral cavity
Most often infected
Largest
Mainly taken out

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16
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Pair at root of tongue

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17
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

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18
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific defense mechanisms has physical barriers (skin, chemicals in blood) and immune cells

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19
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Antigen-specific immune response. Antigen has to be processed and recognized. Army of immune cells attack antigen

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20
Q

Pathogens

A

Agents capable of producing disease

-include viruses, bacteria, and fungi

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21
Q

Three lines of defenses against pathogens

A

First: skin and mucous membranes
Second: several innate defense mechanisms
- leukocytes and macrophages, anti microbial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever
Third: adaptive immunity
-defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

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22
Q

Two families of antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons

Complement system

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23
Q

Interferons

A

Of no benefit to the cell that secreted them

  • secreted by certain cells infected by viruses
  • alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
  • bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells
  • activate NK cells to destroy infected cells
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24
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that engulf foreign matter

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25
Q

Neutrophils

A

Wander I connective tissue killing bacteria

  • can kill using phagocytosis and digestion
  • can kill by producing a cloud of bactericidal chemicals
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26
Q

Eosinophils

A

Found especially in mucosa membranes

-guard against parasites, allergens (allergy-causing agents), and other pathogens

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27
Q

Basophils

A

Secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of other leukocytes

  • histamine: a vasodilator, which increases blood flow
  • leukotrienes: activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
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28
Q

Monocytes

A

Transform into macrophages

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Three basic categories: T, B, and NK cells

-NK cells are part of innate immunity, all others are part of adaptive immunity; helper T cells function in both

30
Q

Three characteristics distinguish adaptive immunity from innate immunity

A
  • systemic effect: throughout the body
  • specificity: immunity directed against a particular pathogen
  • memory: when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
31
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

A
  • lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells
  • rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies
32
Q

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

A
  • mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen but tag it for destruction
  • many antibodies are dissolved in body fluids (“humors”)
33
Q

Natural active immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen

34
Q

Artificial active immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

Production of one’s own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease

35
Q

Natural passive immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

Temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person
-fetus acquires antibodies from mother through placenta, milk

36
Q

Artificial passive immunity (adaptive immunity)

A

Temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal
-treatment for snakebite, botulism, rabies, tetanus, and other diseases

37
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

T cells cannot recognize antigens on their own. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are required
-dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular cells, and B cells function as APCs

38
Q

Role of the cytotoxic T cell

A 
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are the only T cells that directly attack other cells
Docking itself on cell and deliver perforin and granzymes-kill cells in same manner NK cells
Interferons- inhibits viral replication- recruit and activate macrophages
39
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Humoral immunity is a more indirect method of defense than cellular immunity

Works in three stages
Recognition
Attack
Memory

40
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction

41
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

Gas exchange, communication, olfaction, and acid-base balance

42
Q

What is the role of CO2

A

pH balance

43
Q

Cells of the alveolus

A 
Squamous (type I)
Great (type II)
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
44
Q

Squamous

A

Thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion

Cover 95%

45
Q

Great

A

Round to cuboidal cells that cover the remaining 5% of alveolar surface
Repair the alveolar epithelium when the squamous (type I) cells are damaged

46
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Most numerous of all cells in the lung

Keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

47
Q

Alveoli

A

Each alveolus surrounded by a basket of capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery

48
Q

Two factors to influence airway resistance

A

Diameter of the bronchioles

Pulmonary compliance

49
Q

Composition of air

A
  • 78.6% nitrogen
  • 20.9% oxygen
  • 0.04% carbon dioxide
  • 0% to 4% water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity
  • Minor gases argon, neon, helium, methane, and ozone
50
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Total atmospheric pressure is the sun of the contributions of the individual gases

51
Q

Gas transport

A

The process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and Vice Versa

52
Q

Systemic gas exchange

A

The unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 at the systemic capillaries

53
Q

What does the addition of CO2 generate?

A

HCO3- and H+

H+ binds to hemoglobin allowing oxygen to be put into blood

54
Q

Four body systems carry out excretion

A

Respiratory system
Integumentary system
Digestive system
Urinary system

55
Q

Organs of urinary system

A

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

56
Q

Urea formation

A

Proteins are catalyze to urea

57
Q

Nephrons

A

1.2 million of them

58
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Filters the blood plasma

59
Q

Renal tubule

A

Long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

60
Q

Renal corpuscles consist of

A

Glomerus and a two layer glomerular capsule

Filter at ion occurs in podoctyes

61
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

PCTs alone account for about 6% of the one’s resting ATP and calorie consumption

62
Q

The role of collecting ducts

A

concentrate the urine (hypertonic) and conserve water (wastes and NaCl pass though)

The goal: get as salty as possible to maximize water reabsorption

63
Q

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

Regulated by aldosterone

64
Q

Micturition

A

What eliminates urine

65
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

66
Q

Appearance of urine

A

Urochrome pigment causes yellow color
Pyuria is pus in urine
Hematuria is blood in urine

67
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from one fluid compartment to another

68
Q

Osmoreceptors

A 
In hypothalamus (govern fluid intake)
-respond to angiotensin II
69
Q

How to control water output

A

Only way to control water output significantly is through variation in urine volume

  • kidneys cannot replace water or electrolytes
  • can only slow rate of water and electrolyte loss until water and electrolytes can be ingested
70
Q

Sweating vs cold air

A

raises blood pressure which inhibits ADH secretion

Cold air is drier and increases respiratory water loss also reducing blood volume

71
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, causing swelling of tissues

72
Q

Primary role of Aldosterone

A

Adjusting sodium excretion and increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Human Anatomy (6 decks)

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