Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Reproduction > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1-5

1
Q

about 2000 years ago who proposed that an organism receives “substance” from the female and “form” from the male seminal plasma?

A

Aristole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what two lines of thinking arose during the 17th and 18th Century when egg and sperm were discovered?

A

Preformationists

epigenisists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Preformationists mean?

A

Theorized minature creatures “pre-form” were contained in the egg or sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does epigenisists mean?

A

tissues and organs formed from the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in 1825 who discovered that sperm was the fertilizing agent?

A

Dumas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1927 (150 years after sperm discovery) Baer described the?…

A

Ovulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who hypothesized the gene is 1865?

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a gene?

A
  1. each descendant has a physical copy of this material

2. provides information about structure, function or other biological attributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Genotypic Sex?

A

determined by the genes on the sex chromosomes receives from its parents (male or female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Phenotypic Sex?

A

determined by multiple genes located on the autosomes and sex chromosomes (masculinity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Ovaries

A

source of estrogen, progesterone, and ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the Oviducts?

A

Composed of the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus, and is the site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Uterus?

A

site of implantation and embryo/fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cervix?

A

valve-like connection between the uterine body and the vagina cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the vagina?

A

copulatory organ between the vestibule and the cervical opening
Derived from the paramesonephric duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Vestibule?

A

Extends from the urethral opening to the vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External Genitalia

A

derived from the urogenital sinus and convey either urine or products of conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the Serosa?

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium (slippery layer which prevents adhesions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the musculais (double layer of smooth muscle)?

A

consisting of an out longitudinal and inner circular layer (allows for peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

Houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics (support mucosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

Lined with mucosal epithelium which differs in function depending on location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Epithelium?

A

This tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

number of cell layers (simple, stratified)

by cell shape (Squamous-flat, cuboidal, and columnar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple squamous

A

covers the female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Simple columnar (3 types)``

A

some are secretory

  1. secretory and non-secretory columnar- throughout oviduct and cranial vagina
  2. ciliated columnar- oviduct (infundibulum and ampulla only), and cervix
  3. Pseudo-stratified columnar- lining of uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stratified squamous

A

caudal vagina and vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define Emission

A

Xxx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The female reproductive tract is located beneath the rectum and is supported by what?

A

The broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mesovarium

A

cranial (anterior) portion, attached to and supports ovary.

Houses blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply ovary, forms hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mesosalphinx

A

supports and surround the oviducts.

aid in directing ovum to oviduct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mesometrium

A

largest part, supports uterine horns and body of uterus.

Dorsal portion continuous with dorsal peritoneum, “Hangs” from dorsal body wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the primary function of the ovary?

A

produce ova and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the corpus luteum (yellow body) produce?

A

progesterone, oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, and activin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the Tunica Albuginea?

A

outer connective tissue, covered by germinal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A

House oocytes (expect the mare), where follicles that house oocytes delvleop for ovulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the Ovarian Medulla?

A

central, composed of connective tissue, and houses: Vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the Ovulation fossa?

A

*Unique to mares (medulla and cortex is flipped)

Where ovulation occur cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

define Folliculogenesis

A

process by which immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles, become candidates for ovualtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False. females are not born with a lifetime supply of primordial or primary follicles.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens to the CL after post-ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum “bloody body”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What dictates the length of the estrous cycle (interval between periods of estrus) in domestic livestock species?

A

Ovarian Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define Estrus

A

is a noun meaning the period of sexual receptivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define Estrous

A

is an adjective referring to the interval between periods of estrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Define ovarian cycle

A

is composed of a series of characteristic structures seen on the surface of the ovaries during discrete period of an estrous cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ovarian Structure, Duration, Period of estrous cycle, E/P ratio

A
  1. ovulatory follicle, 1-2 days, Estrus, maximal
  2. CH, 3-4 days, Metestrus, decreasing
  3. CL, 11-15 days, Diestrus, minimal
  4. CA+ growing follicles, 2-3 days, Proestrus, increasing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Primordial and primary follicles are composed entirely of?

A

Granulosa cells- do not produce estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The wall of secondary and tertiary follicles contain what?

A

theca interna and granulosa cells- do produce estrogen

48
Q

Where does LH bind to it receptors at?

A

Theca Interna cells

49
Q

When LH binds to receptors what does the conversion of cholesterol to androgens diffuse to?

A

Granulosa Cells

50
Q

What results in FSH binding to its receptors on granulosa cells?

A

androgens to estrogen

51
Q

Estrogen draw water into the follicle to increase the ___________ and stimulate follicular growth.

A

antrum

52
Q

infundibulum

A

ovarian/cranial end, fimbriae cover the surface.

captures the ovulated oocytes and transports them into the oviduct via ciliary and secretory activity

53
Q

Ampulla

A

less than or equal to 1/2 of the oviductal length, oocyte maturation occurs here and the maturing oocytes are transported along, again by secretory and ciliary activity to

54
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

ampulla (ampullary-isthmus junction)

55
Q

Isthmus

A

capacitated sperm are transported from the utero-tubal junction to the ampullary-isthmus junction by peristaltic contraction. Then transports the fertilized ova (zygote) into the uterus

56
Q

What connects directly to the uterus?

A

uterotubal junction

57
Q

What are the three components of the uterine wall?

A
  1. serosa= perimetrium
  2. muscularis= myometrium
  3. mucosa+ submucosa= endometrium
58
Q

What is the primary functions of the uterine? (5)

A
  1. sperm transport
  2. lutelysis and control of cyclicity
  3. environment for preattachment embryo
  4. maternal contributions to the placenta
  5. expulsion of the fetus and fetal placental
59
Q

What is the functions of the comparative cervical anatomy?

A
  1. provides lubrication during copulation
  2. barrier to sperm transport in the ewe, cow, bitch, and queen but not in the sow or mare
    - convoluted system of grooves within cervix and types of cervical mucus act as barriers
    - large volume in boar and stallion high pressure ejaculation overcome
  3. forms a barrier to micro-organisms during pregnancy
  4. cervical lumen differs across species
60
Q

What functions as a barrier to reproductive tract?

A

external female genitalia

61
Q

What is the Perineum?

A

region surrounding anus and vulva

  • vulva
  • anus
  • cutaneous bride
62
Q

Vulva houses the clitoris what is that?

A

female homolgue of the penis

63
Q

what is the basic components of male reproductive system?

A

scrotum, testis “manufacturing plant”, Excurrent duct system (spermatoza from testis to pelvic urethra), Accessory sex glands, penis

64
Q

what is in the testis or the manufacturing plant?

A

spermatozoa, hormones, secretory products, spermatic cord

65
Q

What makes up the excurrent duct system?

A

epididymis (final maturation of spermatozoa and storage), ductus deferensl

66
Q

Accessory sex glands

A

seminal plasma

67
Q

Penis

A

copulatory organ

68
Q

What is the movement of sperm

A
  1. produced by testis
  2. moved to head of epididymis and then body of epididymis
  3. tail of epididymis (storage reservoir) 5 to 10 successive ejaculations
  4. secual excitation result in movement next to vas deferens (also called ductus deferens), then to pelvic urethra
    a. mix with secretions from accessory sex glands
    b. continued sexual excitation results in erection
    c. copulation/stimulation of glans penis results in ejaculation
69
Q

What extends from inguinal rings to attach on dorsal pole of testis?

A

spermatic cord

70
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

suspoends testis in scrotum
pathway to and from body for the testis (vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves)
houses ductus deferens, cremaster muscle and pampiniform plexus

71
Q

What is responsible for temperature regulation for the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus

72
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

network of testicular artery and testicular veins

  • testicular vein (cooler) network “wraps” to surround testicular artery (warmer)
  • testicular artery is pulse pressure elimination
  • COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
  • temperature control of the testis
  • heat loss through scrotal skin (no pulse)
73
Q

What temperature must testis remain to keep sperm alive?

A

4 to 6 degrees celsieus cooler than the body temperature

74
Q

How is heat lost from the testis?

A

through the scrotal skin

75
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

themosensor, swamp cooler, and pretective sac

-sweat glands for evaporative heat transfer

76
Q

What is the components of the scrotum?

A
  1. skin
  2. tunica dartos (dartos muscle)
    - smooth muscle, sustained contraction
  3. scrotal fascia (connective tissue)
  4. parietal vaginal tunic (inside)
77
Q

what governs the degree of scrotal sweating and the respiration rate of the animal?

A

sensory nerves

78
Q

What is the primary function of the testis?

A

produce spermatozoa
hormones and proteins (androgen, testosterone (t4), inhibin, estrogens)
fluids (testicular fluid=rete fluid)

79
Q

What is so important about testicular fluid?

A

suspends spermatozoa and aids in their transport from testis.
primarily originates from seminiferous tubules, contains Sertoli cell synthesized products

80
Q

What do the testis consist of?

A
  1. testicular capsule
  2. parenchyma
  3. mediastinum
  4. rete tubules
81
Q

What is the testicular capsule?

A

visceral vaginal tunic- simple squamous epithelium

tunica albuginea- tough connective tissue capsule capable of contractions

82
Q

What is the parenchyme?

A

cellular mass of organ or gland consisting of: seminiferous tubules, leydig cells, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue

83
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

connective tissue core of the testis connected by septa to the tunica albuginea (houses the rete tubules)

84
Q

What is rete tubules?

A

tiny channels that move sperm and fluids from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ductules.

85
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

seminiferous epithelium and sertoli cells
developing germ cells and peritubular cells
mature spermatozoa and tubular fluid

86
Q

What is the interestitial compartment?

A

all cells and materials outside of seminiferous tubules

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and interstitial cells of leydid- produce T4

87
Q

What is the male reproductive duct system?

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. rete tubules
  3. efferent ductules
  4. epididymis (head, body, and tail)
  5. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
  6. pelvic urethra (male accessory glands add fluids)
  7. penile urethra
88
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate glands. bulbourethral gland

89
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule composed of?

A

basement membrane and a layer of seminiferous epithelium

90
Q

What is the seminiferous epithelium composed of?

A

basal compartment and adluminal compartment

contractile peritubular cells (fluid from sertoli cells) contract to move newly formed spermatozoa to rete tubules

91
Q

What two major types of cells is the seminiferous epithelium composed of?

A
  1. developing sperm cells
    - spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
  2. sertoli cells
    - regulate coordination and timing of spermatogenesis
92
Q

sertoli cells are the only osmatic cells in the seminiferous tubules and exert the following function:

A
  1. facilitate spermatogenesis
  2. production
  3. forms the blood testis barrier
93
Q

Sertoli cells faciliate spermatogenesis

A

each sertoli cell hosts mac number of developing germ cells

analogous to the granulosal cells

94
Q

What to sertoli cells produce

A

~androgen binding protein- binds testosterone
~sulfate glycoprotein 1- mediates fertility of sperm
~sulfated glycoprotein2- detergent effect facilitating sperm transport in testis
~transferrin- iron transport protein important for spermatogenesis
~inhibin- inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland

95
Q

How do sertoli cells form a blood testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells coupled with the basal compartment, tight junctions prevent immune rejection of developing (haploid) germ cells

96
Q

What is the excurrent duct system composed of?

A

efferent ducts, epidiymal ducts, ductus deferens (vas deferens)

97
Q

What does the excurrent duct system do?

A

transport sperm from testis to ejaculatory position

98
Q

define cell differentiation

A

unspecialized cells develop into specialized cell

99
Q

all organs form from three different layers within the embryo, what are they?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

100
Q

Where is the ectoderm, and what is it responsible for?

A

Outside layer

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, Nervous system (hypothalamus, both lobes of the pituitary)

101
Q

Where is the mesoderm, and what is it responsible for?

A

Middle layer

muscle, blood vessels, reproductive system, urinary system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system

102
Q

Where is the endoderm and what is it responsible for?

A

inner layer

digestive system, respiratory system, glands, lungs

103
Q

Anterior Lobe develops from the _____________?

A

Stomodeal Ectoderm

104
Q

The stomodeal ectoderm is located where?

A

roof of the embryos mouth

105
Q

Stomodeal grows downward to form a diverticulum known as?

A

Rathke’s Patch

106
Q

Ratheke’s patch differentiates from the stomodeal ectoderm to form the ____________ (anterior lobe)?

A

Adenohypophysis

107
Q

cells of the anterior lobe differentiate into several unique cells that will produce?

A

variety of hormones

108
Q

Hypophysis=
adenohypophysis=
neurohypophysis=

A

pituitary
anterior lobe
posterior lobe

109
Q

Posterior lobe develops from a diverticulum called the ___________?

A

Infundibulum (floor of the brain)

110
Q

The infundibulum differentiates into the __________, while the anterior lobe is developing its specialized cells.

A

Neurohypophysis

111
Q

The posterior lobe contains axons and nerve terminals of neurons. the cell bodies are located in the?

A

hypothalmus

112
Q

Which bond forms around the two lobes, as the pituitary finishes its development?

A

Sphenoid bone

113
Q

What is the protective cavity called that is formed by the sphenoid bone?

A

sella turcica

114
Q

Which chromosome carries the SRY gene? why?

A

Y chromosome, SRY protein carried on SRY gene determine the pathway to sex development

115
Q

what migrates by the ameboid motion through the hindgut, enter the mesentery and establish residence in the gonadal ridge?

A

Primordial germ cells

Mammalian Reproduction (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions