Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapter 1-5
1
Q
about 2000 years ago who proposed that an organism receives “substance” from the female and “form” from the male seminal plasma?
A
Aristole
2
Q
what two lines of thinking arose during the 17th and 18th Century when egg and sperm were discovered?
A
Preformationists
epigenisists
3
Q
What does Preformationists mean?
A
Theorized minature creatures “pre-form” were contained in the egg or sperm
4
Q
What does epigenisists mean?
A
tissues and organs formed from the egg
5
Q
in 1825 who discovered that sperm was the fertilizing agent?
A
Dumas
6
Q
1927 (150 years after sperm discovery) Baer described the?…
A
Ovulum
7
Q
Who hypothesized the gene is 1865?
A
Gregor Mendel
8
Q
What is a gene?
A
- each descendant has a physical copy of this material
2. provides information about structure, function or other biological attributes
9
Q
What is Genotypic Sex?
A
determined by the genes on the sex chromosomes receives from its parents (male or female)
10
Q
What is Phenotypic Sex?
A
determined by multiple genes located on the autosomes and sex chromosomes (masculinity)
11
Q
Define Ovaries
A
source of estrogen, progesterone, and ova
12
Q
What are the Oviducts?
A
Composed of the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus, and is the site of fertilization
13
Q
What is the Uterus?
A
site of implantation and embryo/fetal development
14
Q
What is the cervix?
A
valve-like connection between the uterine body and the vagina cavity
15
Q
What is the vagina?
A
copulatory organ between the vestibule and the cervical opening
Derived from the paramesonephric duct
16
Q
What is the Vestibule?
A
Extends from the urethral opening to the vulva
17
Q
External Genitalia
A
derived from the urogenital sinus and convey either urine or products of conception
18
Q
what is the Serosa?
A
composed of simple squamous epithelium (slippery layer which prevents adhesions)
19
Q
What is the musculais (double layer of smooth muscle)?
A
consisting of an out longitudinal and inner circular layer (allows for peristalsis)
20
Q
What is the submucosa?
A
Houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics (support mucosa)
21
Q
What is the mucosa?
A
Lined with mucosal epithelium which differs in function depending on location
22
Q
What is Epithelium?
A
This tissue
23
Q
How is epithelium classified?
A
number of cell layers (simple, stratified)
by cell shape (Squamous-flat, cuboidal, and columnar)
24
Q
Simple squamous
A
covers the female reproductive tract
25
Simple columnar (3 types)``
some are secretory
1. secretory and non-secretory columnar- throughout oviduct and cranial vagina
2. ciliated columnar- oviduct (infundibulum and ampulla only), and cervix
3. Pseudo-stratified columnar- lining of uterus
26
Stratified squamous
caudal vagina and vestibule
27
Define Emission
Xxx
28
The female reproductive tract is located beneath the rectum and is supported by what?
The broad ligament
29
Mesovarium
cranial (anterior) portion, attached to and supports ovary.
| Houses blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply ovary, forms hilus
30
Mesosalphinx
supports and surround the oviducts.
| aid in directing ovum to oviduct.
31
Mesometrium
largest part, supports uterine horns and body of uterus.
| Dorsal portion continuous with dorsal peritoneum, "Hangs" from dorsal body wall.
32
What is the primary function of the ovary?
produce ova and hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
33
What does the corpus luteum (yellow body) produce?
progesterone, oxytocin, relaxin, inhibin, and activin
34
What is the function of the Tunica Albuginea?
outer connective tissue, covered by germinal epithelium
35
What is the ovarian cortex?
House oocytes (expect the mare), where follicles that house oocytes delvleop for ovulation.
36
What is the Ovarian Medulla?
central, composed of connective tissue, and houses: Vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics
37
What is the Ovulation fossa?
*Unique to mares (medulla and cortex is flipped)
| Where ovulation occur cortex and medulla
38
define Folliculogenesis
process by which immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles, become candidates for ovualtion
39
True or False. females are not born with a lifetime supply of primordial or primary follicles.
False
40
What happens to the CL after post-ovulation?
corpus hemorrhagicum "bloody body"
41
What dictates the length of the estrous cycle (interval between periods of estrus) in domestic livestock species?
Ovarian Cycle
42
Define Estrus
is a noun meaning the period of sexual receptivity
43
Define Estrous
is an adjective referring to the interval between periods of estrus
44
Define ovarian cycle
is composed of a series of characteristic structures seen on the surface of the ovaries during discrete period of an estrous cycle
45
Ovarian Structure, Duration, Period of estrous cycle, E/P ratio
1. ovulatory follicle, 1-2 days, Estrus, maximal
2. CH, 3-4 days, Metestrus, decreasing
3. CL, 11-15 days, Diestrus, minimal
4. CA+ growing follicles, 2-3 days, Proestrus, increasing
46
Primordial and primary follicles are composed entirely of?
Granulosa cells- do not produce estrogen
47
The wall of secondary and tertiary follicles contain what?
theca interna and granulosa cells- do produce estrogen
48
Where does LH bind to it receptors at?
Theca Interna cells
49
When LH binds to receptors what does the conversion of cholesterol to androgens diffuse to?
Granulosa Cells
50
What results in FSH binding to its receptors on granulosa cells?
androgens to estrogen
51
Estrogen draw water into the follicle to increase the ___________ and stimulate follicular growth.
antrum
52
infundibulum
ovarian/cranial end, fimbriae cover the surface.
| captures the ovulated oocytes and transports them into the oviduct via ciliary and secretory activity
53
Ampulla
less than or equal to 1/2 of the oviductal length, oocyte maturation occurs here and the maturing oocytes are transported along, again by secretory and ciliary activity to
54
Where does fertilization occur?
ampulla (ampullary-isthmus junction)
55
Isthmus
capacitated sperm are transported from the utero-tubal junction to the ampullary-isthmus junction by peristaltic contraction. Then transports the fertilized ova (zygote) into the uterus
56
What connects directly to the uterus?
uterotubal junction
57
What are the three components of the uterine wall?
1. serosa= perimetrium
2. muscularis= myometrium
3. mucosa+ submucosa= endometrium
58
What is the primary functions of the uterine? (5)
1. sperm transport
2. lutelysis and control of cyclicity
3. environment for preattachment embryo
4. maternal contributions to the placenta
5. expulsion of the fetus and fetal placental
59
What is the functions of the comparative cervical anatomy?
1. provides lubrication during copulation
2. barrier to sperm transport in the ewe, cow, bitch, and queen but not in the sow or mare
- convoluted system of grooves within cervix and types of cervical mucus act as barriers
- large volume in boar and stallion high pressure ejaculation overcome
3. forms a barrier to micro-organisms during pregnancy
4. cervical lumen differs across species
60
What functions as a barrier to reproductive tract?
external female genitalia
61
What is the Perineum?
region surrounding anus and vulva
- vulva
- anus
- cutaneous bride
62
Vulva houses the clitoris what is that?
female homolgue of the penis
63
what is the basic components of male reproductive system?
scrotum, testis "manufacturing plant", Excurrent duct system (spermatoza from testis to pelvic urethra), Accessory sex glands, penis
64
what is in the testis or the manufacturing plant?
spermatozoa, hormones, secretory products, spermatic cord
65
What makes up the excurrent duct system?
epididymis (final maturation of spermatozoa and storage), ductus deferensl
66
Accessory sex glands
seminal plasma
67
Penis
copulatory organ
68
What is the movement of sperm
1. produced by testis
2. moved to head of epididymis and then body of epididymis
3. tail of epididymis (storage reservoir) 5 to 10 successive ejaculations
4. secual excitation result in movement next to vas deferens (also called ductus deferens), then to pelvic urethra
a. mix with secretions from accessory sex glands
b. continued sexual excitation results in erection
c. copulation/stimulation of glans penis results in ejaculation
69
What extends from inguinal rings to attach on dorsal pole of testis?
spermatic cord
70
What is the spermatic cord?
suspoends testis in scrotum
pathway to and from body for the testis (vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves)
houses ductus deferens, cremaster muscle and pampiniform plexus
71
What is responsible for temperature regulation for the testes?
pampiniform plexus
72
What is the pampiniform plexus?
network of testicular artery and testicular veins
- testicular vein (cooler) network "wraps" to surround testicular artery (warmer)
- testicular artery is pulse pressure elimination
- COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGER
- temperature control of the testis
- heat loss through scrotal skin (no pulse)
73
What temperature must testis remain to keep sperm alive?
4 to 6 degrees celsieus cooler than the body temperature
74
How is heat lost from the testis?
through the scrotal skin
75
What is the function of the scrotum?
themosensor, swamp cooler, and pretective sac
| -sweat glands for evaporative heat transfer
76
What is the components of the scrotum?
1. skin
2. tunica dartos (dartos muscle)
- smooth muscle, sustained contraction
3. scrotal fascia (connective tissue)
4. parietal vaginal tunic (inside)
77
what governs the degree of scrotal sweating and the respiration rate of the animal?
sensory nerves
78
What is the primary function of the testis?
produce spermatozoa
hormones and proteins (androgen, testosterone (t4), inhibin, estrogens)
fluids (testicular fluid=rete fluid)
79
What is so important about testicular fluid?
suspends spermatozoa and aids in their transport from testis.
primarily originates from seminiferous tubules, contains Sertoli cell synthesized products
80
What do the testis consist of?
1. testicular capsule
2. parenchyma
3. mediastinum
4. rete tubules
81
What is the testicular capsule?
visceral vaginal tunic- simple squamous epithelium
| tunica albuginea- tough connective tissue capsule capable of contractions
82
What is the parenchyme?
cellular mass of organ or gland consisting of: seminiferous tubules, leydig cells, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue
83
what is the mediastinum?
connective tissue core of the testis connected by septa to the tunica albuginea (houses the rete tubules)
84
What is rete tubules?
tiny channels that move sperm and fluids from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ductules.
85
What happens in the seminiferous tubules?
seminiferous epithelium and sertoli cells
developing germ cells and peritubular cells
mature spermatozoa and tubular fluid
86
What is the interestitial compartment?
all cells and materials outside of seminiferous tubules
| blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and interstitial cells of leydid- produce T4
87
What is the male reproductive duct system?
1. seminiferous tubules
2. rete tubules
3. efferent ductules
4. epididymis (head, body, and tail)
5. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
6. pelvic urethra (male accessory glands add fluids)
7. penile urethra
88
What are the male accessory glands?
seminal vesicles, prostate glands. bulbourethral gland
89
What is the seminiferous tubule composed of?
basement membrane and a layer of seminiferous epithelium
90
What is the seminiferous epithelium composed of?
basal compartment and adluminal compartment
| contractile peritubular cells (fluid from sertoli cells) contract to move newly formed spermatozoa to rete tubules
91
What two major types of cells is the seminiferous epithelium composed of?
1. developing sperm cells
- spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
2. sertoli cells
- regulate coordination and timing of spermatogenesis
92
sertoli cells are the only osmatic cells in the seminiferous tubules and exert the following function:
1. facilitate spermatogenesis
2. production
3. forms the blood testis barrier
93
Sertoli cells faciliate spermatogenesis
each sertoli cell hosts mac number of developing germ cells
| analogous to the granulosal cells
94
What to sertoli cells produce
~androgen binding protein- binds testosterone
~sulfate glycoprotein 1- mediates fertility of sperm
~sulfated glycoprotein2- detergent effect facilitating sperm transport in testis
~transferrin- iron transport protein important for spermatogenesis
~inhibin- inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland
95
How do sertoli cells form a blood testis barrier?
sertoli cells coupled with the basal compartment, tight junctions prevent immune rejection of developing (haploid) germ cells
96
What is the excurrent duct system composed of?
efferent ducts, epidiymal ducts, ductus deferens (vas deferens)
97
What does the excurrent duct system do?
transport sperm from testis to ejaculatory position
98
define cell differentiation
unspecialized cells develop into specialized cell
99
all organs form from three different layers within the embryo, what are they?
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
100
Where is the ectoderm, and what is it responsible for?
Outside layer
| skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, Nervous system (hypothalamus, both lobes of the pituitary)
101
Where is the mesoderm, and what is it responsible for?
Middle layer
| muscle, blood vessels, reproductive system, urinary system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system
102
Where is the endoderm and what is it responsible for?
inner layer
| digestive system, respiratory system, glands, lungs
103
Anterior Lobe develops from the _____________?
Stomodeal Ectoderm
104
The stomodeal ectoderm is located where?
roof of the embryos mouth
105
Stomodeal grows downward to form a diverticulum known as?
Rathke's Patch
106
Ratheke's patch differentiates from the stomodeal ectoderm to form the ____________ (anterior lobe)?
Adenohypophysis
107
cells of the anterior lobe differentiate into several unique cells that will produce?
variety of hormones
108
Hypophysis=
adenohypophysis=
neurohypophysis=
pituitary
anterior lobe
posterior lobe
109
Posterior lobe develops from a diverticulum called the ___________?
Infundibulum (floor of the brain)
110
The infundibulum differentiates into the __________, while the anterior lobe is developing its specialized cells.
Neurohypophysis
111
The posterior lobe contains axons and nerve terminals of neurons. the cell bodies are located in the?
hypothalmus
112
Which bond forms around the two lobes, as the pituitary finishes its development?
Sphenoid bone
113
What is the protective cavity called that is formed by the sphenoid bone?
sella turcica
114
Which chromosome carries the SRY gene? why?
Y chromosome, SRY protein carried on SRY gene determine the pathway to sex development
115
what migrates by the ameboid motion through the hindgut, enter the mesentery and establish residence in the gonadal ridge?
Primordial germ cells
