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Mammalian Reproduction > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Estrous cycle vs. Menstrual Cycle

A

Estrous cycle= mammals

Menstrual cycle= primates

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2
Q

What does cycle mean?

A

series of predictable events

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3
Q

Define Estrous

A

Start with estrus and ends with start of the next estrus

Period of one estrus (heat) and the next

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4
Q

Define Menstrual

A

start at beginning of menstrual period and end with start of next menses

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5
Q

Define Estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity

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6
Q

What is lordosis

A

the visual mating (standing) posture in females

arching of the back in preparation to be mounted

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7
Q

What is seasonal breeding

A

Several estrous cycles during a cetain season
Mare= spring
Ewe= fall

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8
Q

What are the 3 patterns of cycle?

A

polyestrus
Seasons polyestrus
Monoestrus

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9
Q

Define Polyestrus

A

many cycles per year

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10
Q

Define Seasons Polyestrus

A

multiple cycles within a season

long day vs. short day breeders

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11
Q

Define Monoestrus

A

one cycle per year

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12
Q

How many phase happen each cycle? What are they?

A

two

Follicular (20%) and Luteal (80%)

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13
Q

What is designated as day 0?

A

Estrus

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14
Q

High E2 results in what behavior?

A

Estrus

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15
Q

What structure develops post ovulation? What hormone does it produce?

A

Corpus Hemorragicum then CL

CL produces Progesterone

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16
Q

What happens on day 16 of cycle?

A

Lysis of CL

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17
Q

What happens to P4 after lysis of CL? Then What?

A

Progesterone decreases, negative feedback on GnRH decrease, so the cycle can start over

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18
Q

Where does prostaglandin come from?

A

Uterus

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19
Q

What is the dominant structure during the follicular phase?

A

Large Antral follicles (results FSH and LH) and Estrogens (E2)

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20
Q

What is the sexual receptivity during the follicular phase?

A

standing to be mounted by the male

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21
Q

What structures occur during the Luteal phase?

A

Corpora lutea (CL) and P4 (progesterone)

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22
Q

What are the 4 STAGES of the Estrous Cycle.

*stages and phases are two different categories that overlap**

A
  1. proestrus
  2. Estrus
  3. Metestrus
  4. Diestrus
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23
Q

What is Proestrus stage?

A

development of ovulatory follicles= increase in E2 (15% of cycle)

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24
Q

What is Estrus Stage?

A

sexual receptivity, peak E2 (day 0) (5%, shortest)

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25
Q

What is the Metestrus stage?

A

CL formation and increasing P4 (20%)

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26
Q

What is the Diestrus stage?

A

mix CL size and peak P4 (longest 60%)

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27
Q

How do the phases and stages interact?

A

Follicular phase= proestrus+ estrus

Luteal phase= metestrus+ diestrus

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28
Q

Proestrus is characterized by a significant rise in _____ by maturing follicule.

A

E2

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29
Q

T or F. When E2 reaches a certain level, the female shows behavioral estrus and then ovulate.

A

True

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30
Q

T or F. Following ovulation, cells of the follicle are transformed into luteal cells and for the corpus Hemorragicum during metestrus.

A

False, corpus luteum

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31
Q

T or F. diestrus is characterized by a fully function CL and low progesterone (P4)

A

False, high progesterone (P4)

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32
Q

What is the primary function of estrogen during the follicular phase?

A

sexual receptivity

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33
Q

What parts of the brain help induce puberty

A 
Tonic= high frequency
Surge= amplitude of GnRH
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34
Q

T or F. the bitch is monoestru

A

True, 17.5 month= one cylce, 3 cycles in 2 years

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35
Q

What are the unique phases of the bitch?

A

Long anestus= 5 months
Proestrus= 9 days
Estrus= 9 days
Diestrus= 2 months

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36
Q

Why does the bitch have a long time without cyclicity?

A

Long anestrus period

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37
Q

When does ovulation occur in the bitch?

A

2-3 days post LH surge

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38
Q

When is fertilization in a bitch?

A

within the 2-3 days of ovulation

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39
Q

What is superfecundation?

A

Can have multiple sires in one litter

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40
Q

What is seasonality primarily caused by?*

A

Photoperiod

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41
Q

How long is Diestrus?

A

2 months long

42
Q

T or F. both bred and open dogs are considered to be in diestrus

A

True

43
Q

A dog that is not pregnant is called?

A

pseudopregnant

44
Q

How long is the gestation period of the dog?

A

same length as diestrus. 2 months

45
Q

What is the reproductive cycle of the Queen?

A 
Proestrus
estrus
postestrus
diestrus
anestrus
46
Q

What is polyestrus?

A

BUT copulation required for ovulation “induced ovulators”

  • No CL, continual follicular phase
  • Estrus every several weeks
47
Q

How long is the gestation period for the Queen?

A

60 days

48
Q

T or F. Lactational anestrus do occur in the queen

A

False, does not occur

49
Q

T or F. The queen will show estrus while lactating

A

True

50
Q

Define Anestrus

A

without estrus (cyclicity)

51
Q

What causes Anestrus?

A

Pregnancy, lactation, presence of offspring, season of the year, Nutrition, Stress, Pathology

52
Q

True vs. apparent anestrus

A

Apparent anestrus= pregnancy or failure to recognize estrus

True= insufficient GnRH, no follicular growth

53
Q

What is Gestational anestrus?

A

Normal, High P4 inhibits GnRH= inhibits hormonal cascade

54
Q

What species have seasonal anestrus?

A

Horse (short day)

Sheep (long day)

55
Q

What are the two components of photoperiod?

A
  1. Photoreception pathway, eye to pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
  2. Nueronal pathways (kisspeptin neurons)
56
Q

What neuron does melatonin act on?

A

RFRP

57
Q

RFRP neurons secretes __________ which acts on _________ neurons

A

RFRP-3

kisspeptins

58
Q

What kisspeptin is secreted during photoperiod?

A

kisspeptin 10 (kiss-10)

59
Q

What does kiss 10 affect?

A

Kiss 10 increases GnRH therefore FSH and LH

60
Q

What happens with long photoperiod?

A

decreases melatonin

61
Q

What happens with short photoperiod?

A

high melatonin release

62
Q

what does high melatonin inhibit?

A

RFRP neurons

63
Q

Describe the long day breeder cyclicity.

A
  • decrease melatonin secretion by the pineal gland
  • results in increase firing of RFRP neurons, increasing RFRP-3 which then…
  • stimulates firing of kisspeptin neurons, increasing kiss-10 release (stimulates GnRH release, stimulate FSH and LH)
64
Q

Describe the Short Day breeder cyclicity

A
  • short days elevates secretion of melatonin
  • results in decrease rate of firing RFRP neurons, therefore decrease of RFRP-3 secretion (which is inhibitory to kisspeptin neurons)
  • RFRP-3 decrease removes inhibition of kisspeptin neurons, allowing kisspeptin neurons to fire (increasing levels of kiss-10)
  • Kiss-10 increases GnRH therefore FSH and LH
65
Q

In short what is long days?

A

decrease of melatonin, increasing RFRP secretion, this stimulates kisspeptin neurons

66
Q

In short what is short days?

A

increase melatonin, reduced RFRP secretion (RFRP-3 inhibits kiss10), the reduced inhibition by RFRP results in increase kiss10 therefore GnRH

67
Q

A queen that is not pregnant does not have corpora lutea. The reason for this is:

A

She does not ovulate and therefore cannot have corpora lutea.
she is an induced ovulator. If she cannot copulate, she will not ovulate.
She has a period of postestrus following an estrus period.

68
Q

Typically, the shortest stage of the estrous cycle is ___________

A

Estrus

69
Q

Starting at metestrus, what are the next three sequential stages of the estrous cycle?

A
  1. diestrus
  2. Proestrus
  3. Estrus
70
Q

A litter of puppies that consists of multiple breeds is called ___________

A

Superfecundation

71
Q

The most important environmental factor regulating seasonal cyclicity is:

A

Photoperiod

72
Q

Long photoperiods cause a decrease in the pineal hormone, ___________

A

Melatonin

73
Q

The follicular phase consists of ________ and estrus

A

Proestrus

74
Q

The estrous cycle of the bitch starts at the beginning of:

A

Proestrus

75
Q

The longest stage of the estrous cycle is

A

Diestrus

76
Q

What is the proposed physiological difference in the “long day” and “short day” breeder?

A

Kisspeptin neurons respond differently to RFRP-3?

77
Q

The dominant hormone during the luteal phase is ___________

A

Progesterone

78
Q

After menstruation in women, the uterine equivalent of the follicular phase is called the _____________

A

Proliferative Phase?

79
Q

The luteal phase typically occupies about what percentage of the estrous cycle?

A

80%

80
Q

The two phases of the estrous cycle are the _________ phase and _______ phase

A

Follicular

Luteal

81
Q

Which best describes metestrus?

A

formation of a corpus luteum from the ovulatory follicle

82
Q

Failure to detect estrus can be misinterpreted as females being in anestrus. The proper term to describe this is

A

Apparent Anestrus

83
Q

Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT for useage of the words estrous and estrus?

A

The visible sign that indicates that a bitch will soon be in estrous is a blood-tinged vaginal discharge.

84
Q

T or F. Sexual receptivity and ovulation characterize estrus

A

True

85
Q

Which best describes the menstrual cycle when compared to the estrous cycle?

A

Edometrial sloughing, no defined period of sexual receptivity, begins at the onset of menstruation

86
Q

In a cycling queen that has not been mated, a unique stage of the cycle is called_________

A

Postestrus

87
Q

The luteal phase consists of ________ and _________

A

metestrus

diestrus

88
Q

The dominant hormone during the follicular phase is __________

A

Estrogen

89
Q

The dominant ovarian structure(s) during diestrus are ____________

A

CL

90
Q

In women, the menstrual cycle equivalent of anestrus is _______

A

Amenorrhea

91
Q

Which of the following stimuli likely contribute to lactational anestrus?

A

Mammary stimulation, sight of the neonate, smells of the neonate

92
Q

Which best describes a queen that DOES NOT mate with a tom?

A

No ovulation, No CL, no luteal phase

93
Q

What are the three categories of estrous cycles according to their frequencies throughout the year?

A

polyestrus, seasonal polyestrus, monoestrus

94
Q

The most important ovarian structures during the follicular phase are:

A

Large antral follicles

95
Q

What is the proper sequence?

A

Melatonin, RFRP neurons, kisspeptin neurons, Kiss10, GnRH neurons

96
Q

Typically, the bitch has only three estrous cycles in two years. What is the most likely reason for this?

A

A long anestrous plus a long diestrus

97
Q

What causes lactation anestrus?

A

suckling, vision, olfactory, auditory, nursing by an alien calf (“breaks” anestrus)

98
Q

Why is the menstrual cycle estrus cycle?

A

no defined period of sexual receptivity, endometrial sloughing, begins and ends with menses

99
Q

In women the follicular phase is equivalent to?

A

mense and proliferative phase (14 days)

100
Q

In women the luteal phase is equivalent to?

A

secretory phase (14 days)

Mammalian Reproduction (10 decks)

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