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Mammalian Reproduction > Chapter 1-5 flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 1-5 flashcards

1
Q

What is the first primitive Kidney called?

A

Pronephros

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2
Q

What parts of the female reproductive tract develop from the paramesonephric duct?

A

Oviducts, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina

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3
Q

What are four substances produced by the sertoli cells and what are their purposes?

A

Androgen binding protein: a testosterone transport protein
Sulfated glycoproteins 1 and 2:
SGP-1: believed to be related to fertility acquisition
SGP-2: a detergent effect that allows cells and fluid to move through the network of testis
Transferrin: an iron transport protein believed to be required for successful spermatogenesis
Inhibin: a suppressor of FSH

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4
Q

What is the main muscle the supports the testis and runs the entire length of the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle

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5
Q

What are the layers in the female reproductive tract?

A 
Serosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
-Longitudinal smooth muscle layer
-Circular smooth muscle layer
Mucosa
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6
Q

What is the purpose of the broad ligament and what are its 3 components?

A 
It supports and suspends most of the reproductive tract
Parts:
Mesovarium: supports the ovary
Mesosalpinx: supports the oviduct
Mesometrium: uterine horn and body
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7
Q

What is the proper name for the “Turkish Saddle”? What is its purpose?

A

Its proper name is the Sella Turcica.

It surround the pituitary and sits inside the sphenoid bone to for a protective cavity

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8
Q

What are the three germ layers of the embryo? Where are they located and what tissues do they give rise to?

A

Ectoderm (outer layer): Nervous system, Skin, Hair
Mesoderm (Middle Layer): Muscle, Skeletal system, Cardiovascular system, Reproductive system
Endoderm (Inner layer): Digestive system, Lungs, Endocrine system

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9
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s theory?

A

Heredity units (genes) are determined by elementary molecules transmitted between generations in a uniform, predictable manner

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10
Q

What are the main differences between preformationists and epigenisists?

A

Preformationists: They theorized that miniature creatures preformed and were contained within the egg or the sperm
Epigenisists: believed tissues and organs formed from the egg

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11
Q

Best describes sperm?

A

produced in the testis, moved to the epididymis

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12
Q

True or False: The Testis cannot be cooled by losing heat through the scrotal skin because the skin is too thick.

A

False

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13
Q

Name 3 of the many possible job opportunities in reproductive physiology.

A 
Companion animals
lactation and nursing
Human medicine
Pharmaceuticals
Conservation
Molecular biology
Gamete Preservation
Veterinary Medicine
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14
Q

What is the purpose of the gubernaculum

A

The gubernaculum is a ligament that guides the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum

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15
Q

What are the 3 phases in the descent of the testes?

A

Growth and elongation of the fetal body away from the testes
Rapid growth of the extra abdominal gubernaculum
Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum

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16
Q

What are the 3 renal systems utilized in fetal development?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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17
Q

What are the layers surrounding the testes?

A

Visceral Vaginal Tunic
Vaginal Cavity
Parietal vaginal cavity

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18
Q

True or False: The SRY gene is carried on the X chromosome

A

False

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19
Q

The nervous system develops from which embryonic layers?

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the ovarian medulla?

A

To house the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics.

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21
Q

What is the role ProstaglandinF2a (PGF2a) during estrous?

A

Cause luteolysis of the corpus luteum if the animal is not pregnant

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22
Q

What are the 3 domains of a protein hormone receptor?

A

Extracellular
Intracellular
Transmembrane

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23
Q

What are the 4 steps of action for steroid hormone membrane receptors (in order)?

A

Steroid binding to membrane receptors
Adenylate cyclase activation
Protein Kinase Activation
Changes in Ca++ channel permeability

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24
Q

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Oxytocin
Relaxin
Inhibin
Activin

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25
Q

What are the primary functions of the uterus?

A 
Sperm transport
Luteolysis and control of cyclicity
Environment for preattachment of embryo
Maternal contribution to the placenta
Expulsion of the fetus and the placenta
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26
Q

Which part of the oviduct has ciliated columnar cells?

A

Ampulla

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27
Q

This hormone is responsible for causing ovulation and stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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28
Q

_______are secreted by the gonads of both the male and female to stimulate the reproductive tract

A

Sexual Promoters

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29
Q

What is the difference between genotypic and phenotypic sex?

A

Genotypic sex is determined by the genes on the sex chromosomes received from the parents
Phenotypic sex determined by multiple genes located on the autosomes and sex chromosomes

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30
Q

What do the primitive sex cords develop into?

A

Males: Develop into seminiferous tubules
Females: Surround the primitive germ cells to form primordial follicles

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31
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary develop from?

A

Infundibulum

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32
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary develop from?

A

Stomodeal Ectoderm

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33
Q

Where does the testicular artery branch from?

A

Abdominal Aorta

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34
Q

Which smooth muscle raises and lowers the testes to control temperature?

A

Tunica Dartos

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35
Q

Descent of the testicles requires which of the following?

A

Hyaluronidase

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36
Q

True or False: In twin calves, if one is a male and one is a female, the bull will be sterile and the female will be fertile

A

False

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37
Q

Who first discovered Sperm?

A

Dumas

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38
Q

If there was only a 3% increase in reproduction, it would result in how many more beef calves per year?

A

1 million more

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39
Q

What are the stages of follicle development?

A 
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Antral follicle
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicanium
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40
Q

As the embryo nears sexual development, the mesonephros, mesonephric ducts, and paramesonephric ducts ________ in size

A

Reduce

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41
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Connective tissue core of the testis that houses the rete testes

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42
Q

From where is Prostaglandin F2a produced?

A

Uterus

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43
Q

What is andrology?

A

The Study of male mammals

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44
Q

True or False: Primary follicles are composed of granulosa cells and produce estrogen

A

False

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45
Q

What ovarian structure is unique to the mare

A

Ovulation fossa

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46
Q

Where do the tonic and surge center GnRH neurons release their signal?

A

The primary portal plexus

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47
Q

What are the hypothalamic nuclei related to reproduction, and which ones secrete GnRH>

A

Paraventricular Nucleus
Surge Center-GnRH
Optic Nerve
Tonic Center-GnRH

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48
Q

What are the functions of the spermatic cord?

A

Provide vascular lymphatic and neural connection to the body, provide heat exchange, house the cremaster muscle.

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49
Q

What animal has a simplex uterus?

A

Primate

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50
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oviduct?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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51
Q

What are the types of cervixes?

A

Simplex
Poorly developed bicornuate
Highly developed bicornuate
Duplex

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52
Q

True or False: The serosa of the uterus is a key player in the expulsion of the fetus and fetal membrane during parturition

A

False

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53
Q

True or False: In the cervix, the cow has cervical rings, the sow has interdigitating prominences, and the mare has longitudinal folds

A

False

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54
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus and what is its function in the male reproductive system?

A

A network of testicular artery and veins that serves as a type of temperature control of the testes

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55
Q

What are the rete tubules?

A

Tiny channels the move sperm and fluids from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct

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56
Q

What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?

A

Skin
Tunica dartos
Scrotal fascia
Parietal Vaginal Tunic

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57
Q

What is the primary function of the uterus?

A

Produce ova and hormones

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58
Q

The SRY Gene is found on the _______ and is responsible for ______

A

Y chromosome, Male sex differentiation

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59
Q

What is another name for the diverticulum that forms from the stomodeal ectoderm?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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60
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells

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61
Q

How does GnRH release from the Tonic and Surge center differ?

A

Tonic: Releases GnRH consistently throughout the entire estrous cycle
Surge: Releases a large quantity once

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62
Q

True or False: A simplex uterus has no uterine hormones

A

True

63
Q

The developing testes secrete ___________ hormone that inhibits the growth of the paramesonephric duct.

A

Anti-mullerian

64
Q

At what speed do the different types of steroid receptors respond?

A

Membrane bound: Fast

Nucleus: Slow

65
Q

During hormone reception, what re the family of control enzymes in the cytoplasm of the target cell called? What is the function?

A

Protein kinase
Responsible for activating enzymes in the cytoplasm and contain regulatory and catalytic subunits that are activated by cAMP

66
Q

What hormones are produced by the testis?

A

Testosterone
Inhibin
Estrogen

67
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the penis?

A

Base
Shaft
Glans Penis

68
Q

At what temperature should the testes be kept to maintain proper function?

A

Approximately 4-6 degrees (C) less than the body

69
Q

True or False: The tonic center is very responsive to positive feedback

A

False

70
Q

How do Estrogen, Testosterone, and progesterone affect the production of GnRH?

A

Estrogen increases the production of GnRH
Testosterone reduces the production of GnRH
Progesterone decreases the production of GnRH

71
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Process by which immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles and become candidates for ovulation

72
Q

What is the purpose of the sigmoid flexure?

A

Allows the penis to retract into the body

73
Q

_______ cells control the timing and coordination of spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

74
Q

What influences hormonal potency?

A

Receptor Density

Hormone receptor affinity

75
Q

What is the identifying characteristic of a primary follicle?

A

An oocyte that is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium or follicular cells

76
Q

Which animals have a bicornuate uterine horn structure?

A

Queen
Bitch
Sow

77
Q

What are the four characteristics of a functional receptor?

A

Specificity
Affinity
Finite number
Responds with a biological effect

78
Q

The steroid nuclear receptor complex is referred to as a _________

A

Transcription factor

79
Q

The mesonephric duct will form the ________ and the _________

A

Epidiymis

Ductus deferens

80
Q

Between the tonic and surge center, which responds mostly to negative feedback?

A

tonic center

81
Q

When the tonic center receives positive feed back from estradiol, which hormone is secreted?

A

GnRH

82
Q

What are the 4 types of biochemical structures in which hormones are classified?

A

Peptides
Glycoproteins
Steroids
Prostaglandins

83
Q

This hormone is a lipid with 20 carbon, unsaturated fatty acids. It serves many functions and is very short-lived in the blood stream. What is this hormone?

A

Prostaglandins

84
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system

85
Q

What develops from the urogenital sinus

A

Caudal vagina
Vestibule
Bladder
Urethra

86
Q

How does estrogen increase the antrum and stimulate follicular growth?

A

By drawing water into the follicle

87
Q

What scientist first discovered “animalcules”?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

88
Q

Who originally began studying the processes of reproduction?

A

Aristotle

89
Q

What are the 3 main embryological events in the 1 trimester?

A

Migration of primordial germ cells from the allantois
Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop
Sex evident from structures

90
Q

What is the movement of sperm through the body, starting at the seminiferous tubules to the ending at the penile urethra?

A

Seminiferous tubules -> Rete Tubules -> Efferent Ducts -> Epididymis -> ductus deferens -> Pelvic Urethra -> Penile Urethra

91
Q

True or False: Estrous is the period of sexual receptivity

A

False

92
Q

What are the reproductive processes regulated by?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

93
Q

What are 3 of the 4 features of hormone action?

A

Minute quantities
Short half-lives
Interaction with specific receptors
Interactions promote biochemical changes in the target cell

94
Q

What reproductive hormone is released from the posterior pituitary by stimulation of hormone specific neurons in the hypothalamus and released into the blood stream?

A

Oxytocin

95
Q

What are hormone analogs? What are the two different types?

A

Hormone analogs are substances with similar, but not identical molecular structures
The two types are agonist and antagonist

96
Q

True or False: E2 and T are secreted by the gonads and are classified as releasing hormones.

A

False

97
Q

What does R.I.A stand for?

A

Radioimmuno assays

98
Q

__________ is secreted into the posterior pituitary and _______ is secreted into the anterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

GnRH

99
Q

True or False: E2 and T are secreted by the gonads and are classified as releasing hormones.

A

False

100
Q

What role does oxytocin play in the male reproductive system?

A

It targets the tail of the epididymis and stimulates sperm movement into the ductus deferens

101
Q

What are the important reproductive anterior pituitary hormones?

A

FSH, LH, Prolactin

102
Q

What is the purpose of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System?

A

Effective communication between the hypothalamic neurons and the anterior pituitary without having hormones getting diluted in the systemic circulation

103
Q

What is the step by step conversion of cholesterol to estradiol?

A

Cholesterol->pregnenalone->progesterone->testosterone->Estradiol

104
Q

What are the parts of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System?

A

Superior Hypophyseal Artery, Primary Portal Plexus, Portal Vessels, Secondary Portal Plexus, Medial Hypophyseal Artery

105
Q

What is the pathway of the simple neural reflex

A

Stimulus-> Nerve Ending (sensory) -> Afferent Nerve -> Spinal Cord -> Efferent Nerve -> Target tissue

106
Q

What part of a Protein Kinase does cAMP bind to, and which part is then activated?

A

R and C

107
Q

What does “Half-Life” mean?

A

The amount of time it takes for ½ of the hormone to be cleared from the body.

108
Q

Why is the half-life of PGF2αn only a few seconds?

A

Since prostaglandin surges are important for ovulation, the hormone doesn’t need to be activated/functional for a long amount of time because the levels will be fluctuating for the ovulation process to occur

109
Q

What is the 3rd step in action for steroid hormones?

A

Protein Kinase activation

110
Q

True or False: Hormones are classified only by the source of termination

A

False

111
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary located?

A

In a bony depression of the sphenoid bone called the Sella Turcica

112
Q

What are the steps in protein hormone action?

A

Hormone to receptor binding
Adenylate cyclase activation
Protein Kinase Activation
Synthesis of new products by the target cell

113
Q

True or false: The following diagram is an example of negative feedback
↑E2 ->↑LH -> ↑E2 -> LH surge

A

False

114
Q

Membrane bound steroid receptors have a ________ response

A

Fast

115
Q

The presence of the proximal cytoplasmic droplet indicates what?

A

Sperm immaturity

116
Q

True or False: GnRH neurons are located in the sure center and the tonic center

A

True

117
Q

What is the purpose of oxytocin in the female reproductive system?

A

Promotes milk ejection
Promotes uterine PGF2α synthesis
Promotes uterine contractions

118
Q

How does the posterior pituitary know to secrete hormones when it doesn’t have a portal system like the anterior pituitary

A

The posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus through neurons. The Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus signals through the nerve to the posterior pituitary to release a hormone.

119
Q

What is the precursor to all steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

120
Q

A receptor density increases, hormone potency:

A

increases

121
Q

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent neurons: Send signals from brain to target system

Efferent neurons: send signals from target tissue to the brain

122
Q

What is the normal level hormones are measured in the blood?

A

Nanogram-picogram

123
Q

What are the two types of Prostaglandins essential to reproduction?

A

PGF2α

PGE2

124
Q

What feeds the primary portal plexus?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

125
Q

What controls the transition of cholesterol to estradiol?

A

Enzymes

126
Q

What are the two types of steroid receptors?

A

Membrane bound

Nuclear

127
Q

What are the 3 main types of relative hormone concentrations?

A

Episodic
Basal
Sustained

128
Q

A change is scrotal tone is controlled by which type of reflex?

A

Simple Neural Reflex

129
Q

LH and FSH are classified by their source which is ________?

A

Gonadal

130
Q

What is a target tissue?

A

Tissue that contains receptors that are specific to a given hormone

131
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones?

A

Source
Mode of Action
Biochemical

132
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Positive: an increase in one hormone feeds back to increase a second hormone
Negative: an increase in one hormone feeds back to cause a decrease in a second hormone

133
Q

True or False: A simple Neural reflex begins with sensory begins with a sensory nerve ending

A

False

134
Q

What is the ventricle system?

A

A series of cavities or bags that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid

135
Q

What are the five sources of reproductive hormones?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonadal
Uterine
Placental
136
Q

What are the roles of LH and FSH in females?

A

LH: Stimulates ovulation
FSH: stimulates the maturation of the follicle

137
Q

True or False: Protein hormones are inactivated in the liver and kidneys

A

True

138
Q

True or False: A steroid bound to a nuclear receptor acts as a transcription factor

A

True

139
Q

What are the three components of endocrine regulation?

A

Hormones
Target Tissues
Hormone Receptors

140
Q

True or False: Steroid hormones are soluble in water, and don’t need anything to help them move through the blood and get out of the capillaries.

A

False

141
Q

What hormone requires a carrier protein to make it water soluble?

A

Steroid

142
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system relating to reflexes?

A

Simple neural reflex

Neuroendocrine Reflex

143
Q

Definition: “theorized miniature creature”“preformed” were contained in the egg or sperm

A

Preformationists

144
Q

T or F. XY is the genetic make up of a female

A

False

145
Q

T or F. Hormone productionis a primary function of the cervix

A

False

146
Q

The _______ of the female reproductive tract houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

A

Submucosa

147
Q

Which cells produce testosterone in the testis?

A

Leydig cells

148
Q

T or F. sperm move in the epidiymis from the tail to the body then to the head of the epididymis.

A

False

149
Q

What would happen if the diverticulum of neural tissue did not form from the third ventricle?

A

There would be no posterior pituitary

150
Q

What is the metanephros?

A

Future Kidney

151
Q

What are parts of the hypothalamus?

A

Parventricular nucleus, tonic, and surge center

152
Q

What would happen if the gubernaculum did not develop?

A

the testicle would not descend
either bilater or unilater crptorchidism would develop
the testicle could not pass through the inguinal canal

153
Q

What do you think would happen if Rathke’s puche did not evaginate from the stomodeal ectoderm?

A

The adenohypophysis would not develop

154
Q

T or F. the endocrine system works faster that the nervous system

A

False

Mammalian Reproduction (10 decks)

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