Chapter 1-5 flashcards
1
Q
What is the first primitive Kidney called?
A
Pronephros
2
Q
What parts of the female reproductive tract develop from the paramesonephric duct?
A
Oviducts, uterus, cervix, and cranial vagina
3
Q
What are four substances produced by the sertoli cells and what are their purposes?
A
Androgen binding protein: a testosterone transport protein
Sulfated glycoproteins 1 and 2:
SGP-1: believed to be related to fertility acquisition
SGP-2: a detergent effect that allows cells and fluid to move through the network of testis
Transferrin: an iron transport protein believed to be required for successful spermatogenesis
Inhibin: a suppressor of FSH
4
Q
What is the main muscle the supports the testis and runs the entire length of the spermatic cord?
A
Cremaster muscle
5
Q
What are the layers in the female reproductive tract?
A
Serosa Submucosa Muscularis -Longitudinal smooth muscle layer -Circular smooth muscle layer Mucosa
6
Q
What is the purpose of the broad ligament and what are its 3 components?
A
It supports and suspends most of the reproductive tract Parts: Mesovarium: supports the ovary Mesosalpinx: supports the oviduct Mesometrium: uterine horn and body
7
Q
What is the proper name for the “Turkish Saddle”? What is its purpose?
A
Its proper name is the Sella Turcica.
It surround the pituitary and sits inside the sphenoid bone to for a protective cavity
8
Q
What are the three germ layers of the embryo? Where are they located and what tissues do they give rise to?
A
Ectoderm (outer layer): Nervous system, Skin, Hair
Mesoderm (Middle Layer): Muscle, Skeletal system, Cardiovascular system, Reproductive system
Endoderm (Inner layer): Digestive system, Lungs, Endocrine system
9
Q
What was Gregor Mendel’s theory?
A
Heredity units (genes) are determined by elementary molecules transmitted between generations in a uniform, predictable manner
10
Q
What are the main differences between preformationists and epigenisists?
A
Preformationists: They theorized that miniature creatures preformed and were contained within the egg or the sperm
Epigenisists: believed tissues and organs formed from the egg
11
Q
Best describes sperm?
A
produced in the testis, moved to the epididymis
12
Q
True or False: The Testis cannot be cooled by losing heat through the scrotal skin because the skin is too thick.
A
False
13
Q
Name 3 of the many possible job opportunities in reproductive physiology.
A
Companion animals lactation and nursing Human medicine Pharmaceuticals Conservation Molecular biology Gamete Preservation Veterinary Medicine
14
Q
What is the purpose of the gubernaculum
A
The gubernaculum is a ligament that guides the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum
15
Q
What are the 3 phases in the descent of the testes?
A
Growth and elongation of the fetal body away from the testes
Rapid growth of the extra abdominal gubernaculum
Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum
16
Q
What are the 3 renal systems utilized in fetal development?
A
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
17
Q
What are the layers surrounding the testes?
A
Visceral Vaginal Tunic
Vaginal Cavity
Parietal vaginal cavity
18
Q
True or False: The SRY gene is carried on the X chromosome
A
False
19
Q
The nervous system develops from which embryonic layers?
A
Ectoderm
20
Q
What is the purpose of the ovarian medulla?
A
To house the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics.
21
Q
What is the role ProstaglandinF2a (PGF2a) during estrous?
A
Cause luteolysis of the corpus luteum if the animal is not pregnant
22
Q
What are the 3 domains of a protein hormone receptor?
A
Extracellular
Intracellular
Transmembrane
23
Q
What are the 4 steps of action for steroid hormone membrane receptors (in order)?
A
Steroid binding to membrane receptors
Adenylate cyclase activation
Protein Kinase Activation
Changes in Ca++ channel permeability
24
Q
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
A
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Inhibin
Activin
25
What are the primary functions of the uterus?
```
Sperm transport
Luteolysis and control of cyclicity
Environment for preattachment of embryo
Maternal contribution to the placenta
Expulsion of the fetus and the placenta
```
26
Which part of the oviduct has ciliated columnar cells?
Ampulla
27
This hormone is responsible for causing ovulation and stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
Luteinizing Hormone
28
_______are secreted by the gonads of both the male and female to stimulate the reproductive tract
Sexual Promoters
29
What is the difference between genotypic and phenotypic sex?
Genotypic sex is determined by the genes on the sex chromosomes received from the parents
Phenotypic sex determined by multiple genes located on the autosomes and sex chromosomes
30
What do the primitive sex cords develop into?
Males: Develop into seminiferous tubules
Females: Surround the primitive germ cells to form primordial follicles
31
What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary develop from?
Infundibulum
32
What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary develop from?
Stomodeal Ectoderm
33
Where does the testicular artery branch from?
Abdominal Aorta
34
Which smooth muscle raises and lowers the testes to control temperature?
Tunica Dartos
35
Descent of the testicles requires which of the following?
Hyaluronidase
36
True or False: In twin calves, if one is a male and one is a female, the bull will be sterile and the female will be fertile
False
37
Who first discovered Sperm?
Dumas
38
If there was only a 3% increase in reproduction, it would result in how many more beef calves per year?
1 million more
39
What are the stages of follicle development?
```
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Antral follicle
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicanium
```
40
As the embryo nears sexual development, the mesonephros, mesonephric ducts, and paramesonephric ducts ________ in size
Reduce
41
What is the mediastinum?
Connective tissue core of the testis that houses the rete testes
42
From where is Prostaglandin F2a produced?
Uterus
43
What is andrology?
The Study of male mammals
44
True or False: Primary follicles are composed of granulosa cells and produce estrogen
False
45
What ovarian structure is unique to the mare
Ovulation fossa
46
Where do the tonic and surge center GnRH neurons release their signal?
The primary portal plexus
47
What are the hypothalamic nuclei related to reproduction, and which ones secrete GnRH>
Paraventricular Nucleus
Surge Center-GnRH
Optic Nerve
Tonic Center-GnRH
48
What are the functions of the spermatic cord?
Provide vascular lymphatic and neural connection to the body, provide heat exchange, house the cremaster muscle.
49
What animal has a simplex uterus?
Primate
50
What are the 3 parts of the oviduct?
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
51
What are the types of cervixes?
Simplex
Poorly developed bicornuate
Highly developed bicornuate
Duplex
52
True or False: The serosa of the uterus is a key player in the expulsion of the fetus and fetal membrane during parturition
False
53
True or False: In the cervix, the cow has cervical rings, the sow has interdigitating prominences, and the mare has longitudinal folds
False
54
What is the pampiniform plexus and what is its function in the male reproductive system?
A network of testicular artery and veins that serves as a type of temperature control of the testes
55
What are the rete tubules?
Tiny channels the move sperm and fluids from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent duct
56
What are the 4 layers of the scrotum?
Skin
Tunica dartos
Scrotal fascia
Parietal Vaginal Tunic
57
What is the primary function of the uterus?
Produce ova and hormones
58
The SRY Gene is found on the _______ and is responsible for ______
Y chromosome, Male sex differentiation
59
What is another name for the diverticulum that forms from the stomodeal ectoderm?
Rathke’s pouch
60
What is cell differentiation?
Unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells
61
How does GnRH release from the Tonic and Surge center differ?
Tonic: Releases GnRH consistently throughout the entire estrous cycle
Surge: Releases a large quantity once
62
True or False: A simplex uterus has no uterine hormones
True
63
The developing testes secrete ___________ hormone that inhibits the growth of the paramesonephric duct.
Anti-mullerian
64
At what speed do the different types of steroid receptors respond?
Membrane bound: Fast
| Nucleus: Slow
65
During hormone reception, what re the family of control enzymes in the cytoplasm of the target cell called? What is the function?
Protein kinase
Responsible for activating enzymes in the cytoplasm and contain regulatory and catalytic subunits that are activated by cAMP
66
What hormones are produced by the testis?
Testosterone
Inhibin
Estrogen
67
What are the 3 major parts of the penis?
Base
Shaft
Glans Penis
68
At what temperature should the testes be kept to maintain proper function?
Approximately 4-6 degrees (C) less than the body
69
True or False: The tonic center is very responsive to positive feedback
False
70
How do Estrogen, Testosterone, and progesterone affect the production of GnRH?
Estrogen increases the production of GnRH
Testosterone reduces the production of GnRH
Progesterone decreases the production of GnRH
71
What is folliculogenesis?
Process by which immature follicles develop into more advanced follicles and become candidates for ovulation
72
What is the purpose of the sigmoid flexure?
Allows the penis to retract into the body
73
_______ cells control the timing and coordination of spermatogenesis?
Sertoli cells
74
What influences hormonal potency?
Receptor Density
| Hormone receptor affinity
75
What is the identifying characteristic of a primary follicle?
An oocyte that is surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelium or follicular cells
76
Which animals have a bicornuate uterine horn structure?
Queen
Bitch
Sow
77
What are the four characteristics of a functional receptor?
Specificity
Affinity
Finite number
Responds with a biological effect
78
The steroid nuclear receptor complex is referred to as a _________
Transcription factor
79
The mesonephric duct will form the ________ and the _________
Epidiymis
| Ductus deferens
80
Between the tonic and surge center, which responds mostly to negative feedback?
tonic center
81
When the tonic center receives positive feed back from estradiol, which hormone is secreted?
GnRH
82
What are the 4 types of biochemical structures in which hormones are classified?
Peptides
Glycoproteins
Steroids
Prostaglandins
83
This hormone is a lipid with 20 carbon, unsaturated fatty acids. It serves many functions and is very short-lived in the blood stream. What is this hormone?
Prostaglandins
84
What does the endoderm develop into?
Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system
85
What develops from the urogenital sinus
Caudal vagina
Vestibule
Bladder
Urethra
86
How does estrogen increase the antrum and stimulate follicular growth?
By drawing water into the follicle
87
What scientist first discovered “animalcules”?
Van Leeuwenhoek
88
Who originally began studying the processes of reproduction?
Aristotle
89
What are the 3 main embryological events in the 1 trimester?
Migration of primordial germ cells from the allantois
Sex cords develop in gonad, paramesonephric ducts develop
Sex evident from structures
90
What is the movement of sperm through the body, starting at the seminiferous tubules to the ending at the penile urethra?
Seminiferous tubules -> Rete Tubules -> Efferent Ducts -> Epididymis -> ductus deferens -> Pelvic Urethra -> Penile Urethra
91
True or False: Estrous is the period of sexual receptivity
False
92
What are the reproductive processes regulated by?
Nervous and endocrine systems
93
What are 3 of the 4 features of hormone action?
Minute quantities
Short half-lives
Interaction with specific receptors
Interactions promote biochemical changes in the target cell
94
What reproductive hormone is released from the posterior pituitary by stimulation of hormone specific neurons in the hypothalamus and released into the blood stream?
Oxytocin
95
What are hormone analogs? What are the two different types?
Hormone analogs are substances with similar, but not identical molecular structures
The two types are agonist and antagonist
96
True or False: E2 and T are secreted by the gonads and are classified as releasing hormones.
False
97
What does R.I.A stand for?
Radioimmuno assays
98
__________ is secreted into the posterior pituitary and _______ is secreted into the anterior pituitary
Oxytocin
| GnRH
99
True or False: E2 and T are secreted by the gonads and are classified as releasing hormones.
False
100
What role does oxytocin play in the male reproductive system?
It targets the tail of the epididymis and stimulates sperm movement into the ductus deferens
101
What are the important reproductive anterior pituitary hormones?
FSH, LH, Prolactin
102
What is the purpose of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System?
Effective communication between the hypothalamic neurons and the anterior pituitary without having hormones getting diluted in the systemic circulation
103
What is the step by step conversion of cholesterol to estradiol?
Cholesterol->pregnenalone->progesterone->testosterone->Estradiol
104
What are the parts of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System?
Superior Hypophyseal Artery, Primary Portal Plexus, Portal Vessels, Secondary Portal Plexus, Medial Hypophyseal Artery
105
What is the pathway of the simple neural reflex
Stimulus-> Nerve Ending (sensory) -> Afferent Nerve -> Spinal Cord -> Efferent Nerve -> Target tissue
106
What part of a Protein Kinase does cAMP bind to, and which part is then activated?
R and C
107
What does “Half-Life” mean?
The amount of time it takes for ½ of the hormone to be cleared from the body.
108
Why is the half-life of PGF2αn only a few seconds?
Since prostaglandin surges are important for ovulation, the hormone doesn’t need to be activated/functional for a long amount of time because the levels will be fluctuating for the ovulation process to occur
109
What is the 3rd step in action for steroid hormones?
Protein Kinase activation
110
True or False: Hormones are classified only by the source of termination
False
111
Where are the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary located?
In a bony depression of the sphenoid bone called the Sella Turcica
112
What are the steps in protein hormone action?
Hormone to receptor binding
Adenylate cyclase activation
Protein Kinase Activation
Synthesis of new products by the target cell
113
True or false: The following diagram is an example of negative feedback
↑E2 ->↑LH -> ↑E2 -> LH surge
False
114
Membrane bound steroid receptors have a ________ response
Fast
115
The presence of the proximal cytoplasmic droplet indicates what?
Sperm immaturity
116
True or False: GnRH neurons are located in the sure center and the tonic center
True
117
What is the purpose of oxytocin in the female reproductive system?
Promotes milk ejection
Promotes uterine PGF2α synthesis
Promotes uterine contractions
118
How does the posterior pituitary know to secrete hormones when it doesn’t have a portal system like the anterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus through neurons. The Releasing hormone from the hypothalamus signals through the nerve to the posterior pituitary to release a hormone.
119
What is the precursor to all steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
120
A receptor density increases, hormone potency:
increases
121
What’s the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Afferent neurons: Send signals from brain to target system
| Efferent neurons: send signals from target tissue to the brain
122
What is the normal level hormones are measured in the blood?
Nanogram-picogram
123
What are the two types of Prostaglandins essential to reproduction?
PGF2α
| PGE2
124
What feeds the primary portal plexus?
Superior hypophyseal artery
125
What controls the transition of cholesterol to estradiol?
Enzymes
126
What are the two types of steroid receptors?
Membrane bound
| Nuclear
127
What are the 3 main types of relative hormone concentrations?
Episodic
Basal
Sustained
128
A change is scrotal tone is controlled by which type of reflex?
Simple Neural Reflex
129
LH and FSH are classified by their source which is ________?
Gonadal
130
What is a target tissue?
Tissue that contains receptors that are specific to a given hormone
131
What are the three classifications of hormones?
Source
Mode of Action
Biochemical
132
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
Positive: an increase in one hormone feeds back to increase a second hormone
Negative: an increase in one hormone feeds back to cause a decrease in a second hormone
133
True or False: A simple Neural reflex begins with sensory begins with a sensory nerve ending
False
134
What is the ventricle system?
A series of cavities or bags that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid
135
What are the five sources of reproductive hormones?
```
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonadal
Uterine
Placental
```
136
What are the roles of LH and FSH in females?
LH: Stimulates ovulation
FSH: stimulates the maturation of the follicle
137
True or False: Protein hormones are inactivated in the liver and kidneys
True
138
True or False: A steroid bound to a nuclear receptor acts as a transcription factor
True
139
What are the three components of endocrine regulation?
Hormones
Target Tissues
Hormone Receptors
140
True or False: Steroid hormones are soluble in water, and don’t need anything to help them move through the blood and get out of the capillaries.
False
141
What hormone requires a carrier protein to make it water soluble?
Steroid
142
What are the two parts of the nervous system relating to reflexes?
Simple neural reflex
| Neuroendocrine Reflex
143
Definition: "theorized miniature creature""preformed" were contained in the egg or sperm
Preformationists
144
T or F. XY is the genetic make up of a female
False
145
T or F. Hormone productionis a primary function of the cervix
False
146
The _______ of the female reproductive tract houses blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
Submucosa
147
Which cells produce testosterone in the testis?
Leydig cells
148
T or F. sperm move in the epidiymis from the tail to the body then to the head of the epididymis.
False
149
What would happen if the diverticulum of neural tissue did not form from the third ventricle?
There would be no posterior pituitary
150
What is the metanephros?
Future Kidney
151
What are parts of the hypothalamus?
Parventricular nucleus, tonic, and surge center
152
What would happen if the gubernaculum did not develop?
the testicle would not descend
either bilater or unilater crptorchidism would develop
the testicle could not pass through the inguinal canal
153
What do you think would happen if Rathke's puche did not evaginate from the stomodeal ectoderm?
The adenohypophysis would not develop
154
T or F. the endocrine system works faster that the nervous system
False
