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Mammalian Reproduction > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key mechanisms of the Follicular Phase?

A
  1. Regulation of FSH and LH (gonadotropins) secretion
  2. Follicular growth and atresia
  3. E2 and P4 secretion
    • and - feedback
  5. Ovulation
  6. Oocyte growth and maturation
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2
Q

What is the result in the gonadotropin hormonal cascade? (increase FSH, LH)

A

increase follicular growth, increase estradiol secretion, increase Estrus (sexual receptivity), GnRH surge causes and LH increase leading to oocyte maturation and finally ovulation

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3
Q

The onset of follicular development is _______ of CL (__________)

A

Lysis

Luteolysis

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4
Q

What are the steps to Preovulatory LH surge?

A

*decrease P4 from CL then increase GnRH leading to an increase of FSH and LH all leading to a Proestrual follicular Development.
*There is an increase of inhibin (secreted from maturing folliclue) leading to decrease in FSH
AND… increase estradiol to threshold leading to preovulatory LH surge

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5
Q

GnRH from hypothalamus is anterior pituitary by _______________

A

Primary Portal Plexus (PPP)

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6
Q

Anterior lobe then has ________________, causing an increase in FSH and LH

A

Secondary portal plexus

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7
Q

What does the tonic center control?

A

small spikes of GnRH that occurs infrequently over time. (development of follicle)

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8
Q

During the follicular phase the what is the frequency of GnRH?

A

1.5 to 2 hours

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9
Q

During the luteal phase what is the frequency of GnRH?

A

4 to 8 hours

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10
Q

What does the surge center control?

A

Under the influence of high levels of E2= high amplitude of GnRH release

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11
Q

With threshold of E2 reached a “gush” of ________ releases, a pre-ovulatory surge of LH occurs

A

GnRH

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12
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of the LH surge?

A
    • feedback= spontaneous ovulators

2. Neural reflec= induced ovulator

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13
Q

What happens in the + feedback = spontaneous ovulators?

A

threshold E2 stimulates GnRH surge, therefore LH surge which results in OVULATION
ex. cows, sows, ewes, mares, women

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14
Q

What happens in the Neural reflex= induced ovulator?

A

Copulation results in GnRH surge and LH surge resulting in OVULATION
ex. rabbits, felids, ferrets, mink, camelids

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15
Q

Sustained copulation for Camelids, and Lions

A

Camelids= 30 minutes

Lions over 100 times per estrus period

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16
Q

What happens when an induced ovulator?

A

Penile modification for sensory nerve stimulation

ex. spikes on penis (cat), hard bone (alpaca)

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17
Q

Define Inhibin.

A

Selectively suppresses secretion of FSH

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18
Q

What are the roles of inhibin?

A
  1. Negative feedback on FSH without affecting LH

2. E2 also has negative feedback on FSH secretion

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19
Q

What are the stages of estrous cycle?

A

diestrus, proestrus, estrus, metestrus

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20
Q

What are the phases of the estrous cycle? which stages go with the phases?

A

Follicular phase= proestrus and estrus

Luteal phase= metestrus and diestrus

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21
Q

What is the key event driving onset of proestrus?

A

Luteolysis, a drop in P4

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22
Q

Why is there a limited FSH surge is estrus?

A

because of inhibin, and possibly E2, negative feedback

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23
Q

_____________ has both theca interna and granulosa cells

A

Antral Follicle

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24
Q

What role is played by the theca and granulosa cells?

A

E2 synthesis

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25
Q

_____________: have receptor LH (glycoprotein); when bound casacade results in T4 production, which enters the ________________

A

Theca Interna Cells

Granulosa cells

26
Q

______________: have FSH (glycoprotein) receptors, when FSH is bound to receptor, uses different protein kinase to then activate the aromatase system to convert T4 to E2.

A

Granulosa cells

27
Q

E2 (steroid) can then act on the “rest of the body”, primary target is:

A

Reproductive Tract (proestrus and estrus)

28
Q

How does E2 affect the repro tract?

A

increase blood flow, edema, secretion of mucus, leukocytes, smoothe muscle motility, and growth of uterine glands

29
Q

________ acts also on the brain for reproductive behaviors

A

E2

30
Q

Lordosis, Phonation “________”, inc. activity

A

mating cells

31
Q

Follicular dynamics (3)

A

Growth and atresia (degeneration)
all stages of cyctle
complete growth and ovulation- low P4

32
Q

Follicular wave Generation and Atresia: What are the three stages of a follicle?

A

Recruited, Selected, and Dominant

33
Q

Which Follicles are FSH dependent?

A

Recruited

34
Q

Which Follicles are LH Dependent?

A

Selected and dominant

35
Q

Why do some follicles undergo atresia?

A

There is not enough LH receptors

36
Q

What is low progesterone required for?

A

maturation of follicle

37
Q

In women, follicuclar atresia results in follicular delption which is called?

A

Menopause

38
Q

What is menopause?

A

cessation of menstruation, lack of cyclicity (near 50 years of age)

39
Q

Post menopausal is due to low estradiol, what happens?

A

genital atrophy, decreased secretion, modified lipid metabolism, bone loss, “hot flashes”

40
Q

T or F. Can treat with hormone replacement therapy, which leads to animal welfare issues.

A

True

41
Q

What does a pre- ovulatory surge of LH cause (in the ovary)?

A

Hyperemia ( local elevated blood flow)

42
Q

What is hyperemia controlled by?

A

histamine and Prostaglandin

43
Q

In the ovary, Theca interna become _________ because of increased vascular permeability caused by histamine.

A

Edematous

44
Q

Follicles also produce ____________ which promote growth of new blood vessels (aids in follicle controlling its own blood)

A

angiogenic factors

45
Q

This is secreted by a pre- ov surge of LH that increases contraction for smooth muscles within ovary. (increase follicular pressure); and release of lysosomal enzymes within follicle

A

Prostaglandin

46
Q

How is the follicle wall weaken?

A

stigma: apex of the follicle, pushes outwards and weakens

47
Q

A shift from E2 to P4 secretion by DF is due to what?

A

High LH

48
Q

P4 promotes collagenase, What is collagenase?

A

breaks down follicle wall

49
Q

What causes gap junction breakdown?

A

Pre-ov LH surge

50
Q

T or F. Granulosa cell projections do not penetrate through cell membrane and then zona pellucida

A

False, do

51
Q

T or F. GC cell projections formed gap junctions with the oocyte plasma membrane and eventually with zona pellucida during oogenesis

A

True

52
Q

T or F. GC are believed to govern oocyte grouwth and meiotic activity

A

True

53
Q

Closure of gap jxns removed inhibition of meiosis and allow __________________

A

resumption of oogenesis

54
Q

T or F. dominant follicle “poised” to stop meiosis by degradation of gap jxn

A

False, resume

55
Q

What receptors are present on the theca interna cells?

A

LH receptors

56
Q

What receptors are present of the granulosa cells?

A

FSH receptors

57
Q

What is removing inhibition of meiosis called?

A

Meiotic arrest lifted

58
Q

What 2 factors believed to control nuclear arrest?

A
  1. cAMP from provided by GC gap jxn

2. OMI (oocyte meiotic inhibitor)

59
Q

What happens in the 1st meiotic division? (except dog and fox)

A

formation of the 1st polar body often prior to ovulation in most mammals

60
Q

What happens in the 2nd meiotic division?

A

formation of 2nd polar body; haploid condition, allowing zypgote to be 2N, half of the DNA material from each germ cell

Mammalian Reproduction (10 decks)

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