Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the term for the sharp bend in a rope?
A
Bight
2
Q
What is the term for when one rope is wrapped around another to make part of a knot?
A
Throw
3
Q
What is the term for a temporary fastening of a rope to a hook, post or other object?
A
Hitch
4
Q
When tying a horse use ___ ___ of rope
A
2 feet
5
Q
When leading a horse how far away should you be?
A
12-18 inches
6
Q
How far down the lead rope do you hold when leading a horse?
A
6-12 inches
7
Q
What are the three ways lead shanks can be used?
A
Over the nose
Through the mouth
Under the chin
8
Q
What is one mild form of horse restraint?
A
Elevate the leg
9
Q
When is tail restraint appropriate?
A
Foals
Small ponies
NEVER adults
10
Q
What are the two main types of twitches?
A
Natural and Mechanical
11
Q
Twitches should never be used on _____
A
Foals
12
Q
When working on a mare or foal, which should be caught first?
A
Mare
13
Q
What is the proper way to restrain a foal?
A
One arm around neck, other arm around hindquarters or holding tail
14
Q
What type of shavings should NOT be used for bedding in a horse stall?
A
Pine or black walnut
15
Q
What types of bedding are appropriate for horses?
A
Wood shavings, Grain straw, saw dust, peat moss, shredded paper
16
Q
What are some complications associated with recumbent cases in horses?
A
Decubital ulcers, compartment syndrome, eye and limb trauma, respiratory disease, bladder dysfunction, GI dysfunction
17
Q
What are the common areas for whorls (aka cowlick)?
A
Forehead, crest of neck, jugular grooves
18
Q
What is marked on a diagram to indicate a whorl?
A
An “X”
19
Q
Ruminants breathing through their mouth is a sign of what?
A
heat stress or distress
20
Q
Where is the pulse rate found on swine?
A
Auricular (ear) artery, coccygeal
21
Q
Where is the pulse rate found on cattle?
A
Facial artery, coccygeal artery, median, great metatarsal
22
Q
Where is the pulse rate found on sheep?
A
Femoral
23
Q
What cardiac sounds are heard in cattle?
A
S1 and S2
24
Q
What cardiac sounds are heard in horses?
A
S1, S2, S3, S4
25
Second-degree AV block is normal but should be noted in which species?
Horses
26
When the blood is moving at high speeds through the heart valves, it creates a readily heard sound known as?
Ejection Murmurs (Horses)
27
Rumen contractions can be counted by ballottement, aka \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Palpation
28
Describe the process of using ballottement to determine rumen contractions.
Press both fists firmly into the left paralumbar fossa for 1 minute
29
What is the normal number of rumen contractions?
2 per minute
30
How long should you listen to each quadrant for abdominal auscultation?
One minute per quadrant
31
What do blue mucus membranes indicate?
Bacterial septicemia, septic shock, or both
32
What do brick red mucus membranes indicate?
Endotoxic shock (horse)
33
What do yellow mucus membranes indicate?
Icteric, liver dysfunction, abnormal hemolysis of the RBCs
34
What do pale mucus membranes indicate?
poor perfusion (in horses does not indicate disease)
35
What are petechial hemorrhages?
1mm diameter pinpoint hemorrhages, clotting disorder
36
What are ecchymotic hemorrhages?
1mm-1cm hemorrhages
37
What are purpuric hemorrhages?
larger hemorrhages
38
Less than 1 second skin turgor test at the point of shoulder indicates hydration status \_\_%
\<5%
39
8 second skin turgor test indicates what?
Severe dehydration
40
If CRT is 5-8 seconds dehydration and ____ are indicated
Shock
41
What is used to dilate the eye for an eye exam?
Tropicamide
42
What is used to clean the eye?
Povidone-iodine solution diluted to 50% with sterile saline
43
What is the term for a female horse after their third birthday?
Mare
44
What is the term for an intact male between 2 and 3 years of age?
Colt
45
What is the term for a female horse between 2 and 3 years old?
Filly
46
What is the term for a young horse that is 1 1/2 to second birthday?
Long yearling
47
What is the normal TPR in an adult horse?
T: 99-101.5
P: 28-44
R: 6-12
48
What is a common pulse rate in an athletic horse?
\<28
49
What is the pule rate in a foal at birth?
60-80 bpm
50
What is the pulse rate in a foal's first two weeks of life?
70-100 bpm
51
What is the term for a cross between a female donkey and a male horse?
Hinny
52
What is the term for a cross between a male donkey and a female horse?
Mule
53
What is the term for a female mule that has an estrus cycle?
Molly
54
What are the characteristics of a molly?
Short thick heads with long ears
55
What type of estrous cyle do horses have?
Seasonally polyestrous (long day breeder)
56
What is the age of a horse (male or female) at puberty?
10-24 months
57
What is the proper age to begin breeding horses?
2-3 years old
58
What is the frequency of horses estrus cycles?
15-26 days
59
What is the duration of estrus in horses?
2-12 days (average 5-7)
60
What is the time of ovulation in a horse?
Last 48 hours of estrus
61
What is the optimal time to breed a horse?
Every 24-48 hours while the mare is in heat
62
What is the gestation period for light breeds?
305-365 days
63
What is the weaning age of horses?
4-7 months
64
What is the most common cause of infertility?
Uterine infection
65
When are uterine infusions be performed?
Treatment of uterine infection, routine flushing, "postbreeding"
66
What procedure evaluates the histological condition of the endometrium?
Endometrial (uterine) Biopsy
67
What common fixatives are used in a endometrial biopsy?
Bouin's fixative, 10% buffered formalin, 70% alcohol
68
Samples should not sit in Bouin's fixative for more than ____ hours
24 hours
69
How long does stage 1 of parturition last?
2-4 hours
70
What are the signs of stage 1 parturition?
Restlessness, pacing, sweating, disinterest in food
71
How long does stage 2 of parturition last?
20-30 minutes
72
When does stage 2 of parturition occur?
Begins with breaking of water, delivery of fetus
73
How long does stage 3 of parturition last?
4-6 hours
74
What occurs during stage 3 of parturition?
Passing placenta
75
What is the normal presentation of a fetus?
Nose-diving position
76
What are some complications associated with C-sections?
Infection, septicemia, laminitis, hemorrhage, retained placenta
77
If a \_-\_\_\_\_ is performed, recovery of a live foal is uncommon
C-section
78
What are the normal pulse rates for a neonatal foal?
\>60 bpm at 5 minutes
75-100 bpm for first week
79
What is the normal respiratory rate for a neonatal foal?
\>60 at 5 minutes
60-80 for first 1-2 hours
Decreases to 30-40 for first month
80
When does the first urination and defecation occur in foals?
Urination- 10 hours
Defecation- 24 hours
81
What does blood gas collection determine?
Oxygen content
Carbon dioxide content
pH
82
What size needle is used for an atlantooccipital tap?
18G, 3 inch spinal needle
83
What size needle is used for a lumbosacral tap?
8 Inches
84
Where is the atlantooccipital space located?
Just caudal to the poll on the dorsal midline at the level of the wings of the atlas
85
Where is the lumbosacral space located?
Dorsal midline at the wings of the ilium
86
Blood gas analysis is used most often in assessing patients with _____ disease and monitoring patients under anesthesia
Respiratory
87
What do blood gas samples determine?
Oxygen content
Carbon dioxide content
pH
88
What type of blood is preferred for gas analysis and why?
Arterial is preferred over venous because it more accurately reflects ventilation status
89
What are two things that must NOT happen when collecting a blood gas sample?
It must NOT clot and it must NOT come into contact with atmospheric air.
90
When collecting a blood gas sample, what size syringe and gauge needle should be used?
25G and 3 ml syringe
91
What can be done to prevent clotting of a blood gas sample?
Pull up enough heparin to fill hub of syringe before pulling blood
92
How much blood is needed for a blood gas collection?
1 mL
93
When should blood gas samples be run after the sample is taken?
10 minutes to 1 1/2 hours after
94
When is a cystocentesis appropriate to perform in equine?
Foals and Miniature horses
95
What is the positioning for an abdominocentesis?
Adults- Standing
Foals- lateral recumbency
96
After an abdominocentesis, ________ is normal after removal of the needle
bleeding
97
What solution is used to prep an area for an arthrocentesis?
Povidone-Iodine solution
98
How is the sample collected for a thoracocentesis?
Through an intercostal space on the ventral aspect, usually located via ultrasound
99
What are the signs of a pneumothorax?
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Increased respiratory rate
Possible collapse
100
How is a fiberoptic endoscope placed for a transtracheal aspiration?
Through the nasal cavity to enter the tracheal lumen
101
Where is a percutaneous transtracheal aspiration performed?
Ventral midline of the neck, over the middle third of the cervical trachea, placed between tracheal rings
102
Why is using sedation not ideal for percutaneous transtracheal aspiration?
May interfere procedure with cough reflex
103
What complications are associated with percutaneous transtracheal aspirations?
Infection/abscession
SQ emphysema
104
A nasogastric tube should never be placed without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
lubrication
105
How long can a nasogastric tube be placed for?
48 hours
106
Why should tubes be capped on nasogastric tubes?
Clinicians believe it may cause bloat if air enters
107
How should a nasogastric tube be removed?
Hand over hand, keeping hands away from nostrils at least 12 inches
\*Make sure to kink tube when pulling it out\*
108
What is the maximum volume that can be administered per IM site?
15 mL
109
What is the maximum volume that can be injected in pectoral and semitendinosus muscles?
5-10 mL
110
Draft horses maximum volume that can be injected can be increased by ___ mL per location
5 mL
111
What is the risk of a neck injection being given too high?
Hitting the nuchal ligament
112
What is the risk of a neck injection given too low?
Hitting the cervical vertebrae
113
What is the risk of a neck injection being given too forward?
Injury to the ear ligaments
114
What is the preferred injection site for foals?
Semitendinosus (buttocks)
115
Why are gluteal muscles not ideal for injections?
If an abscess occurs it is harder to drain
116
What is the most common IV injection site?
Jugular vein
117
What veins can be used for IV injections?
Jugular, coccygeal, saphenous and cephalic
118
Less than 1 mL injections can be given how?
Intradermal
119
What are the most common catheter sizes used?
10G, 14G, 16G
120
What guage catheter is recommended for emergency cases?
10G
121
What veins are most used for catheterization?
Jugular is most preferred, if not accessible, lateral thoracic
122
How much liquid can be given to an average adult horse for an enema?
1-3 gallons
123
What is the key to external coaptation?
Padding
124
How should all layers of a bandage be placed?
In the same direction
125
How often should external coaptation be monitored?
Atleast once daily
126
What is the most common bandaging done?
Distal limb
127
Where are microchips placed?
Halfway between the withers and poll, about 1 1/2 inches below the breast of the neck
128
A microchip is injected 1-1/2 inches beneath the skin into the ______ \_\_\_\_\_
Nuchal ligament
129
Where is lip tattooing done?
Mucosal side of upper lip
130
When should horses be tattooed?
Preferably 1 year of age
131
What is typically tattooed on the horses lip?
The first letter indicating their birth month, followed by their registration number
132
What is the term for a small diameter hole (perforation) through bone into a sinus?
Centesis (sinocentesis)
133
What is the term for the process of making a larger diameter hole into a sinus by removal of a small, circular piece of bone?
Trephining
134
Retained deciduous teeth, stuck on top of the erupting permanent teeth
Caps
135
What is the term for the chewing surface of the teeth?
Occlusive Tables
136
What are wolf teeth?
First premolars, males only
137
When are a horses permanent teeth fully erupted?
Age 5
138
What is the term for the angle between lower and upper incisors?
Incisive arcade
139
What are absent in a smooth mouth?
Caps
140
How many deciduous teeth does a young horse have?
24
141
How many teeth do male horses have?
40-42
142
How many teeth do female horses have?
36-40
143
When do central incisors erupt?
1 Month
144
When do lateral incisors erupt?
3 months
145
When do corner incisors erupt?
9 months
146
When reading occlusive tables on teeth to age, where should you look?
Corner incisor and upper third incisor
147
If occlusive table shape is flattened, how old is the horse?
5 years old
148
If the occlusive table are oval shaped how old is the horse?
9 years old
149
If the occlusive table is round how old is the horse?
15
150
If the occulsive table is triangular, how old is the horse?
20 years old
151
If the angle of the incisors is perpendicular is the horse young or old?
Young
152
If the angle of the incisors is parallel, is the horse old or young?
Old
153
At what age does the canine tooth erupt in horses?
4 years
154
What is the percentage of mares with canine teeth?
20% but are usually much smaller
155
Where are wolf teeth found?
Maxillary jaw
156
What is the term for the removal of enamel points and hooks on upper and lower molars?
Floating
157
What is the difference of using power tools versus hand tools for equine dentistry?
They work faster, not necessarily better
158
