EXAM 1 Flashcards
phytochemical found in food are important because
they decrease the risk of developing certain diseases when they are eaten
an advertisement for a new performance enhancing supplement is on the internet. what can you assume about the advertisement for the supplement?
the information needs to be checked for scientific validity and accuracy
which of the following is the dietary reference intakes represents the highest average daily intake level likely to post no risk of adverse health effects in most people and is used for safety limits
- RDA
- Daily Values
- AI
- UL
UL- tolerable upper intake level
which nutrient provides the most energy (calories) per gram?
a. carbohydrate
b. fat
c. protein
d. vitamins
fat
when determining the amounts of food to eat from each group in the USDA food guide each day, you need to remember that
the recommended amounts will vary depending on age physical activity and gender
as food moves through the digestive tract is spends the most time in the
large intestine because of the need to partially digest fiber and absorb water
what restores sobriety in someone who has been drinking alcohol
time
esophagus
passes food from the mouth to the stomach
bicarbonate
released by the pancreas to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the small intestine
gallbladder
stores bile until needed and squirts bile into the small intestine when fat is present
pancreas
manufactures digestive juices containing enzymes and releases them into the small intestine
villi
finger like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area to maximize absorption
bile
emulsifies fat in the small intestine for enzymatic digestion
small intestine
digests the majority of CHO, protein, and fat, and absorbs nutrients
stomach
adds hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and fluid. Grinds food into a liquid called chyme
liver
all absorbed nutrients travel here before entering the bloodstream for delivery to the the body’s cells
after being absorbed across the intestinal wall, large fat molecules travel to the liver via
lymph
when fructose and glucose are bonded together they form
table sugar (sucrose)
how many grams of fiber per day does the American dietician association suggest for adults
25-33grams per day
glucose is stored in humans and animals as
glycogen
over 75% of the world’s adults lose most of their ability to produce the enzyme ____ as they age causing intolerance to certain foods
lactase
according to the DRI recommendations for macronutrients, people should obtain about ___ percent of their daily energy from carbohydrates
45-65%
human digestive enzymes break down the bonds between the glucose molecules in starch but not in fiber
true or false
true
the pancreas releases releases this hormone when blood sugar is low to cause the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream
glucagon
enriched flour contains all the same nutrients as whole wheat flour
true or false
false
all the following are primary functions of soluble fiber except:
- lowers blood cholesterol
- regulates blood sugar following a carbohydrate rich meal
- adds bulk to promote healthy bowel function
- reduces risk of chronic disease
adds bulk to promote healthy bowel function
how would you respond to someone who states that white bread is just as nutritious as whole wheat bread
whole wheat bread is preferable because it contains several nutrients not added to enriched white bread
whole wheat bread is higher in fiber content than white bread
gluten
a small percentage of the population has celiac disease which makes them unable to eat gluten at all
ketosis (a state in the body in which fat breakdown creates ketone-bodies ) occurs when
the diet does not have enough carbohydrates
glycogen is stored in the body in
muscles and liver
someone with normal blood glucose levels would have a fasting glucose level of
less than 100 mg/dL
which type of lipid functions as an emulsifier
phospholipids
according to the dietary reference intakes, people should obtain about ___ percent of their daily energy from dietary fat
20-35%
the digestive chemical responsible for emulsifying fats to make them ready for enzymatic digestion is
bile
trans fat
unsaturated plant oils that are processed to be saturated by adding hydrogen
joe wants to decrease his blood LDL levels. what advice would you provide to him
decrease his intake of excess red meat, large amounts of saturated fat, sugar and processed carbohydrates
increase his intake of soluble fiber
at room temperature saturated fats are
solid or liquid
solid
chylomicron
formed with phospholipids to carry triglycerides to the liver after digestion
LDL & VLDL
transports triglycerides to the body’s tissues
HDL
scavenges cholesterol from tissues and carried is to the liver for disposal
the best way to increase consumption of omega 3 fatty acids is to
choose fatty fish instead of beef at some meals
you can reduce your risk for heart disease by eating more fats from
fatty fish
who is at increased risk for mercury sensitivity caused by eating seafood with high levels of mercury such as swordfish
pregnant women
countries that consume more seafood have less heart disease on average
true or false
true
consuming at minimum fatty fish meals a week will result in an improved balance between omega 3 and omega 6 intakes
2
recent recommendations suggest that we consume monounsaturated fats in the place of saturated fat. which of the following items should you put on your sandwich to help achieve this goal?
- mayo
- American cheese
- avocado
- tuna
avocado
of the 20 different amino acids, ___ are essential
9
chemical digestion of protein begins in the
stomach
which is not a function of protein?
- forms enzymes and hormones
- forms antibodies
- transports fat in the body
- is the primary energy source for the brain
- forms blood clots to prevent death from bleeding
is the primary energy source for the brain
the RDA minimum for protein for an average adult is
0.8 g protein per Kg body weight per day
athletes typically require more protein than the RDA for average adults
true or false
true
high quality proteins
contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids
food from which group does not contain any protein
fruit
examples of complementary protein combinations that provide all the essential amino acids (metal supplementation) include all of the following except
- peanut butter and banana
- rice and beans
- oatmeal with almonds
- peanut butter on whole wheat bread
peanut butter and banana
which is not a problem associated with excessive intake of protein
- increased risk of heart disease from saturated fat found in animal protein sources
- increased risk of diabetes from excess nitrogen found in protein
- increased risk of cancer from excess fatty red meat and processed meat intake
increased risk of diabetes from excess nitrogen found in protein
you eat a beef rib eye steak. you are getting protein and also a large percentage of
fat
protein recommendations for athletes range from
1.2-2.0g/kg BW
all of the following changes can help joe lower his LDL cholesterol except:
- eating more soluble fiber
- eating less saturated fat
- eat less salt
- eat more fruits and vegetables
eat less salt
what food should Joe eat more of to get protein and help lower his cholesterol
beans
how much fiber does joe need each day
33-35g
triglyceride
the major form of lipid found in the body
phospholipids
acts as an emulsifier and plays a key roll in cell membranes
sterol
are ring shaped and serve as the raw material for bile
After digestion, larger fat molecules are transported via the bloodstream to the Liver
True
False
false
Fat is mostly digested in the: Mouth Stomach Small Intestine Liver
small intestine
Which lipoprotein is beneficial to heart health in the body?
VLDL (Very low density lipoprotein)
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
HDL
Which lipid in foods raises your blood cholesterol the most? Saturated Fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Cholesterol
saturated fat
A good source of Omega 3 fatty acids is:
Yogurt
Salmon
Olive Oil
salmon
Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body can manufacture
True
False
false
Proteins are denatured by Heat Stomach acid Alcohol All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body: Build enzymes, hormones and neurotransmitters Build antibodies Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance Maintain acid-base balance Maintain body temperature Blood clotting Provide energy and glucose
maintain body temperature
Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is the most common form of malnutrition in the world today
True
False
true
