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Anatomy and Physiology 111 > Exam 1: > Flashcards

Exam 1: Flashcards

1
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

by communication, by the receptor sends the information to the control center and then the effector

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2
Q

Homeostasis (state of equilibrium):

A

blood levels of viral nutrients must be continuously present. heart activity/blood pressure must be constantly monitored and adjusted so blood could be propelled to all body tissues. waste must not accumulate and body temp must be precisely controlled.

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3
Q

Receptor (input) :

A

sensor; monitors the environment and responds to changes; sends information to control center

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4
Q

Control Center (output) :

A

determines appropriate response or course of action; determines the set point which it is maintained at

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5
Q

Effector (output) :

A

provides the response to the stimulus

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6
Q

what are the levels of life?

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level.

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7
Q

Anatomy:

A

studies the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another

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8
Q

Physiology:

A

studies the FUNCTION of the body; how the body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities

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9
Q

Integumentary System components and functions?

A

comp: hair, skin, nails
function: protects deeper tissue, protects from dehydration, thermal regulation and sensation

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10
Q

Skeletal system components and functions?

A

comp: joints and bones
function: protects/supports body organs; framework/cause of movement; blood cells formed within red bone marrow; bone store minerals

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11
Q

Muscular system components and function?

A

comp: skeletal muscle
function: fascial expressions; supports; heat production; movement

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12
Q

Nervous system components and function?

A

comp: brain, nerves, spinal cord
function: fast acting control system

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13
Q

Endocrine System components and function?

A

comp: thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes
function: regulates responses, growth, reproduction, metabolism

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14
Q

metabolism:

A

how fast or slow you burn energy

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system components and function?

A

comp: heart, blood, blood vessels
function: delivering of wastes, picks up/delivers oxygen, transport of blood

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16
Q

Lymphatic/Immunity system components and function?

A

comp: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
function: develops resistance; control fluids in body; pick up leaked blood and returns them to blood stream; disposes of debris

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17
Q

Respiratory system components and function?

A

comp: nasal, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lung
function: removes CO; O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood

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18
Q

Digestive System components and function?

A

comp: esophagus, liver, small int, large int, stomach, liver, anus, rectum
function: breaks down food, eliminates feces

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19
Q

Urinary system components and function?

A

comp: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
function: eliminates urea; regulates electrolytes

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20
Q

MALE reproductive system components and function?

A

comp: prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus gland, scrotum
function: form sex cells/ produces sex hormones

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21
Q

FEMALE reproductive system components and function?

A

comp: mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
function: produces offspring

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22
Q

Maintain Boundaries:

A

internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

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23
Q

Movement:

A

propelling ourselves from one place to another

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24
Q

responsiveness:

A

the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

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25
digestion:
breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
26
metabolism:
reactions that occur within body cells
27
catabolism:
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
28
anabolism:
synthesizes and uses nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP to make energy
29
excretion:
removal of waste
30
reproduction:
occurs at cellular organismal level
31
growth:
increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
32
anatomical position:
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms up
33
superior:
above; toward the head
34
inferior:
below; away from the head
35
Anterior:
front of the body
36
dorsal:
back of the body
37
medial:
toward the midline of the body
38
lateral (pass):
away from the midline; SIDE
39
proximal:
closer to the origin of the body or point of attachment
40
distal:
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
41
superficial:
toward the surface of the body
42
deep:
away from the surface of the body
43
Cephalic:
head
44
thoracic: sternal axillary mammary
chest
45
abdominal:
stomach region
46
inguinal:
groin
47
pedal: | plantar
foot
48
patellar:
front of the knee
49
popliteal:
back of the knee
50
sagittal plane:
divides body into right and left parts
51
median plane/midsagittal plane:
lies exactly on the midline
52
parasagittal plane:
offset from the midline
53
frontal planes:
divides body into front and back parts
54
transverse/horizontal plane:
divides body into inferior and superior parts
55
ions:
charged particles
56
ionic bonds:
formed by the transfer of on or more electron to get there 8 (octet rule)
57
electrons:
a negative charge particle
58
protons:
a positive charge particle
59
covalent bond:
shared atom that fill its outer electron shell
60
hydrogen bond:
a bridge that attracts a hydrogen bond already linked to an electronegative bond
61
Polar covalent bonds of water:
oxygen has a negative charge and two hydrogen atoms are a shared particle so hydrogen pulls away from oxygen; v bent shape
62
what is water because of hydrogen bonding?
responsible for the stickiness of water because they cling together
63
what are the features of water?
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning
64
evaporative cooling is a feature of water how?
transformation requires large amounts of heat to be absorbed by hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together helps in cooling of the body
65
cohesion (97)
chromatids strands, united by button like centromere remain held together by the centromere called cohesion
66
water is a solvent how?
wet chemistry; biological chemical do not react chemically unless they are in a solution
67
hydrogen bonding/ polarity as the cause is a feature of water how?
polarity of water explains why ionic compounds and other small reactive molecules disassociate in water
68
pH
is the power of hydrogen ions and 7 and lower is acidic and 7 and higher is a base
69
acids
anything that releases H+ into the water
70
base
anything that absorbs H+ from the water
71
buffers
resists pH changes; keep pH steady by absorbing acids + bases
72
metabolism
chemical reactions within the body
73
catabolism
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
74
anabolism
synthesizing cellular structures and creating it into ATP that is used for energy
75
what is the structure of carbohydrates ?
look at the organic molecule SG
76
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
immediate energy, energy storage
77
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
sugar ring
78
examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars) ?
ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose
79
examples of complex carbohydrates?
sugars
80
conversion of one to the other by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis (PG 42)
look @ book
81
function and examples of disaccharides (double sugars)?
examples: sucrose, lactose functions: important function in human diet
82
function and examples of polysaccharides(complex)?
examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose fibers functions: energy storage
83
triglycerol lipids:
building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol
84
protein involvement with amino acids:
all amino acids have two groups anime and acid group; all amino acids are identical except R group
85
proteins primary structure:
the linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called primary structure
86
proteins secondary structure:
the alpha helix which is a twist in structure or the Bsheet which is three layers of poleypeptide chain
87
nucleic acids;
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ha to major molecules DNA & RNA
88
nucleotide of DNA or RNA:
DNA:consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), one of four bases (cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G)), and a phosphate RNA:1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil
89
functions of DNA:
replicates, and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body
90
functions of RNA:
messenger, translation
91
enzyme action:
enzyme bind to enzyme active site forming an enzyme substrate; enzyme-substrate undergoes internal rearrangements that form products; enzyme realness products of the reaction
92
substrates:
bind at active site temporarily forming a enzyme substrate complex
93
active sites:
holes that fit together w the substrate
94
ATP function:
stores and captures energy
95
plasma membrane and its functions?
selectively permeable and barrier on the edge
96
fluid mosaic model of membrane (PG 64)
look @ book
97
diffusion:
molecules or ions from an area where there is higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
98
facilitated diffusion:
transported substance either binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through the water filled protein channels
99
active transport:
requires carrier protein that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
100
electrochemical gradients:
ions diffuse according to recognizing the effect of both electrical and concentration forces
101
osmosis:
water moves to saltier/sugary ares
102
hypertonic:
cells lose water and shrink in hypertonic solution (goes out of cell)
103
hypotonic:
cells take in water become bloated and burst (water into cell)
104
endocytosis (pino and phagocytosis)
cell drinking, infolding plasma
105
excocytosis for secretions:
ejects substances from the cell interior into extracellular fluid
106
types of cell junctions:
tight, desmosomes,gap junctions
107
mitosis:
look @ book PG 100
108
Transcription:
transfers information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule
109
translation:
steps of protein synthesis the language of nucleic acids is translated into the language of proteins
110
the cancer connection to mitosis:
uncontrolled mitosis
111
metastasis:
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
112
three embryonic germ layers:
endo derm, ectoderm
113
acinar VS tubular
acinar is a round glans like in alveolar and tubular is a long and tall
114
where are smooth muscles found
in walls of hallow organs
115
skeletal muscles are found where
skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin
116
glia
glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (7 decks)

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