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Anatomy and Physiology 111 > Exam 1: > Flashcards

Exam 1: Flashcards

1
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

by communication, by the receptor sends the information to the control center and then the effector

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2
Q

Homeostasis (state of equilibrium):

A

blood levels of viral nutrients must be continuously present. heart activity/blood pressure must be constantly monitored and adjusted so blood could be propelled to all body tissues. waste must not accumulate and body temp must be precisely controlled.

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3
Q

Receptor (input) :

A

sensor; monitors the environment and responds to changes; sends information to control center

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4
Q

Control Center (output) :

A

determines appropriate response or course of action; determines the set point which it is maintained at

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5
Q

Effector (output) :

A

provides the response to the stimulus

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6
Q

what are the levels of life?

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level.

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7
Q

Anatomy:

A

studies the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another

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8
Q

Physiology:

A

studies the FUNCTION of the body; how the body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities

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9
Q

Integumentary System components and functions?

A

comp: hair, skin, nails
function: protects deeper tissue, protects from dehydration, thermal regulation and sensation

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10
Q

Skeletal system components and functions?

A

comp: joints and bones
function: protects/supports body organs; framework/cause of movement; blood cells formed within red bone marrow; bone store minerals

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11
Q

Muscular system components and function?

A

comp: skeletal muscle
function: fascial expressions; supports; heat production; movement

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12
Q

Nervous system components and function?

A

comp: brain, nerves, spinal cord
function: fast acting control system

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13
Q

Endocrine System components and function?

A

comp: thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes
function: regulates responses, growth, reproduction, metabolism

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14
Q

metabolism:

A

how fast or slow you burn energy

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15
Q

Cardiovascular system components and function?

A

comp: heart, blood, blood vessels
function: delivering of wastes, picks up/delivers oxygen, transport of blood

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16
Q

Lymphatic/Immunity system components and function?

A

comp: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
function: develops resistance; control fluids in body; pick up leaked blood and returns them to blood stream; disposes of debris

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17
Q

Respiratory system components and function?

A

comp: nasal, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lung
function: removes CO; O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood

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18
Q

Digestive System components and function?

A

comp: esophagus, liver, small int, large int, stomach, liver, anus, rectum
function: breaks down food, eliminates feces

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19
Q

Urinary system components and function?

A

comp: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
function: eliminates urea; regulates electrolytes

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20
Q

MALE reproductive system components and function?

A

comp: prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus gland, scrotum
function: form sex cells/ produces sex hormones

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21
Q

FEMALE reproductive system components and function?

A

comp: mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
function: produces offspring

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22
Q

Maintain Boundaries:

A

internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

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23
Q

Movement:

A

propelling ourselves from one place to another

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24
Q

responsiveness:

A

the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

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25
Q

digestion:

A

breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

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26
Q

metabolism:

A

reactions that occur within body cells

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27
Q

catabolism:

A

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

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28
Q

anabolism:

A

synthesizes and uses nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP to make energy

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29
Q

excretion:

A

removal of waste

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30
Q

reproduction:

A

occurs at cellular organismal level

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31
Q

growth:

A

increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

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32
Q

anatomical position:

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms up

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33
Q

superior:

A

above; toward the head

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34
Q

inferior:

A

below; away from the head

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35
Q

Anterior:

A

front of the body

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36
Q

dorsal:

A

back of the body

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37
Q

medial:

A

toward the midline of the body

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38
Q

lateral (pass):

A

away from the midline; SIDE

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39
Q

proximal:

A

closer to the origin of the body or point of attachment

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40
Q

distal:

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment

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41
Q

superficial:

A

toward the surface of the body

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42
Q

deep:

A

away from the surface of the body

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43
Q

Cephalic:

A

head

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44
Q

thoracic:
sternal
axillary
mammary

A

chest

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45
Q

abdominal:

A

stomach region

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46
Q

inguinal:

A

groin

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47
Q

pedal:

plantar

A

foot

48
Q

patellar:

A

front of the knee

49
Q

popliteal:

A

back of the knee

50
Q

sagittal plane:

A

divides body into right and left parts

51
Q

median plane/midsagittal plane:

A

lies exactly on the midline

52
Q

parasagittal plane:

A

offset from the midline

53
Q

frontal planes:

A

divides body into front and back parts

54
Q

transverse/horizontal plane:

A

divides body into inferior and superior parts

55
Q

ions:

A

charged particles

56
Q

ionic bonds:

A

formed by the transfer of on or more electron to get there 8 (octet rule)

57
Q

electrons:

A

a negative charge particle

58
Q

protons:

A

a positive charge particle

59
Q

covalent bond:

A

shared atom that fill its outer electron shell

60
Q

hydrogen bond:

A

a bridge that attracts a hydrogen bond already linked to an electronegative bond

61
Q

Polar covalent bonds of water:

A

oxygen has a negative charge and two hydrogen atoms are a shared particle so hydrogen pulls away from oxygen; v bent shape

62
Q

what is water because of hydrogen bonding?

A

responsible for the stickiness of water because they cling together

63
Q

what are the features of water?

A

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning

64
Q

evaporative cooling is a feature of water how?

A

transformation requires large amounts of heat to be absorbed by hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together helps in cooling of the body

65
Q

cohesion (97)

A

chromatids strands, united by button like centromere remain held together by the centromere called cohesion

66
Q

water is a solvent how?

A

wet chemistry; biological chemical do not react chemically unless they are in a solution

67
Q

hydrogen bonding/ polarity as the cause is a feature of water how?

A

polarity of water explains why ionic compounds and other small reactive molecules disassociate in water

68
Q

pH

A

is the power of hydrogen ions and 7 and lower is acidic and 7 and higher is a base

69
Q

acids

A

anything that releases H+ into the water

70
Q

base

A

anything that absorbs H+ from the water

71
Q

buffers

A

resists pH changes; keep pH steady by absorbing acids + bases

72
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions within the body

73
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

74
Q

anabolism

A

synthesizing cellular structures and creating it into ATP that is used for energy

75
Q

what is the structure of carbohydrates ?

A

look at the organic molecule SG

76
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

immediate energy, energy storage

77
Q

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

sugar ring

78
Q

examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars) ?

A

ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose

79
Q

examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

sugars

80
Q

conversion of one to the other by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis (PG 42)

A

look @ book

81
Q

function and examples of disaccharides (double sugars)?

A

examples: sucrose, lactose
functions: important function in human diet

82
Q

function and examples of polysaccharides(complex)?

A

examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose fibers
functions: energy storage

83
Q

triglycerol lipids:

A

building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol

84
Q

protein involvement with amino acids:

A

all amino acids have two groups anime and acid group; all amino acids are identical except R group

85
Q

proteins primary structure:

A

the linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called primary structure

86
Q

proteins secondary structure:

A

the alpha helix which is a twist in structure or the Bsheet which is three layers of poleypeptide chain

87
Q

nucleic acids;

A

composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ha to major molecules DNA & RNA

88
Q

nucleotide of DNA or RNA:

A

DNA:consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), one of four bases (cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G)), and a phosphate
RNA:1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil

89
Q

functions of DNA:

A

replicates, and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body

90
Q

functions of RNA:

A

messenger, translation

91
Q

enzyme action:

A

enzyme bind to enzyme active site forming an enzyme substrate; enzyme-substrate undergoes internal rearrangements that form products; enzyme realness products of the reaction

92
Q

substrates:

A

bind at active site temporarily forming a enzyme substrate complex

93
Q

active sites:

A

holes that fit together w the substrate

94
Q

ATP function:

A

stores and captures energy

95
Q

plasma membrane and its functions?

A

selectively permeable and barrier on the edge

96
Q

fluid mosaic model of membrane (PG 64)

A

look @ book

97
Q

diffusion:

A

molecules or ions from an area where there is higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

98
Q

facilitated diffusion:

A

transported substance either binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through the water filled protein channels

99
Q

active transport:

A

requires carrier protein that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

100
Q

electrochemical gradients:

A

ions diffuse according to recognizing the effect of both electrical and concentration forces

101
Q

osmosis:

A

water moves to saltier/sugary ares

102
Q

hypertonic:

A

cells lose water and shrink in hypertonic solution (goes out of cell)

103
Q

hypotonic:

A

cells take in water become bloated and burst (water into cell)

104
Q

endocytosis (pino and phagocytosis)

A

cell drinking, infolding plasma

105
Q

excocytosis for secretions:

A

ejects substances from the cell interior into extracellular fluid

106
Q

types of cell junctions:

A

tight, desmosomes,gap junctions

107
Q

mitosis:

A

look @ book PG 100

108
Q

Transcription:

A

transfers information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule

109
Q

translation:

A

steps of protein synthesis the language of nucleic acids is translated into the language of proteins

110
Q

the cancer connection to mitosis:

A

uncontrolled mitosis

111
Q

metastasis:

A

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

112
Q

three embryonic germ layers:

A

endo derm, ectoderm

113
Q

acinar VS tubular

A

acinar is a round glans like in alveolar and tubular is a long and tall

114
Q

where are smooth muscles found

A

in walls of hallow organs

115
Q

skeletal muscles are found where

A

skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin

116
Q

glia

A

glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (7 decks)

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