Exam 1: Flashcards
How is homeostasis maintained?
by communication, by the receptor sends the information to the control center and then the effector
Homeostasis (state of equilibrium):
blood levels of viral nutrients must be continuously present. heart activity/blood pressure must be constantly monitored and adjusted so blood could be propelled to all body tissues. waste must not accumulate and body temp must be precisely controlled.
Receptor (input) :
sensor; monitors the environment and responds to changes; sends information to control center
Control Center (output) :
determines appropriate response or course of action; determines the set point which it is maintained at
Effector (output) :
provides the response to the stimulus
what are the levels of life?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal level.
Anatomy:
studies the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology:
studies the FUNCTION of the body; how the body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities
Integumentary System components and functions?
comp: hair, skin, nails
function: protects deeper tissue, protects from dehydration, thermal regulation and sensation
Skeletal system components and functions?
comp: joints and bones
function: protects/supports body organs; framework/cause of movement; blood cells formed within red bone marrow; bone store minerals
Muscular system components and function?
comp: skeletal muscle
function: fascial expressions; supports; heat production; movement
Nervous system components and function?
comp: brain, nerves, spinal cord
function: fast acting control system
Endocrine System components and function?
comp: thyroid gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testes
function: regulates responses, growth, reproduction, metabolism
metabolism:
how fast or slow you burn energy
Cardiovascular system components and function?
comp: heart, blood, blood vessels
function: delivering of wastes, picks up/delivers oxygen, transport of blood
Lymphatic/Immunity system components and function?
comp: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
function: develops resistance; control fluids in body; pick up leaked blood and returns them to blood stream; disposes of debris
Respiratory system components and function?
comp: nasal, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lung
function: removes CO; O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood
Digestive System components and function?
comp: esophagus, liver, small int, large int, stomach, liver, anus, rectum
function: breaks down food, eliminates feces
Urinary system components and function?
comp: kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
function: eliminates urea; regulates electrolytes
MALE reproductive system components and function?
comp: prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus gland, scrotum
function: form sex cells/ produces sex hormones
FEMALE reproductive system components and function?
comp: mammary gland, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube
function: produces offspring
Maintain Boundaries:
internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it
Movement:
propelling ourselves from one place to another
responsiveness:
the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
digestion:
breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
metabolism:
reactions that occur within body cells
catabolism:
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
anabolism:
synthesizes and uses nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP to make energy
excretion:
removal of waste
reproduction:
occurs at cellular organismal level
growth:
increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
anatomical position:
body erect, feet slightly apart, palms up
superior:
above; toward the head
inferior:
below; away from the head
Anterior:
front of the body
dorsal:
back of the body
medial:
toward the midline of the body
lateral (pass):
away from the midline; SIDE
proximal:
closer to the origin of the body or point of attachment
distal:
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment
superficial:
toward the surface of the body
deep:
away from the surface of the body
Cephalic:
head
thoracic:
sternal
axillary
mammary
chest
abdominal:
stomach region
inguinal:
groin
pedal:
plantar
foot
patellar:
front of the knee
popliteal:
back of the knee
sagittal plane:
divides body into right and left parts
median plane/midsagittal plane:
lies exactly on the midline
parasagittal plane:
offset from the midline
frontal planes:
divides body into front and back parts
transverse/horizontal plane:
divides body into inferior and superior parts
ions:
charged particles
ionic bonds:
formed by the transfer of on or more electron to get there 8 (octet rule)
electrons:
a negative charge particle
protons:
a positive charge particle
covalent bond:
shared atom that fill its outer electron shell
hydrogen bond:
a bridge that attracts a hydrogen bond already linked to an electronegative bond
Polar covalent bonds of water:
oxygen has a negative charge and two hydrogen atoms are a shared particle so hydrogen pulls away from oxygen; v bent shape
what is water because of hydrogen bonding?
responsible for the stickiness of water because they cling together
what are the features of water?
high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning
evaporative cooling is a feature of water how?
transformation requires large amounts of heat to be absorbed by hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together helps in cooling of the body
cohesion (97)
chromatids strands, united by button like centromere remain held together by the centromere called cohesion
water is a solvent how?
wet chemistry; biological chemical do not react chemically unless they are in a solution
hydrogen bonding/ polarity as the cause is a feature of water how?
polarity of water explains why ionic compounds and other small reactive molecules disassociate in water
pH
is the power of hydrogen ions and 7 and lower is acidic and 7 and higher is a base
acids
anything that releases H+ into the water
base
anything that absorbs H+ from the water
buffers
resists pH changes; keep pH steady by absorbing acids + bases
metabolism
chemical reactions within the body
catabolism
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
anabolism
synthesizing cellular structures and creating it into ATP that is used for energy
what is the structure of carbohydrates ?
look at the organic molecule SG
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
immediate energy, energy storage
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
sugar ring
examples of monosaccharides (simple sugars) ?
ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose
examples of complex carbohydrates?
sugars
conversion of one to the other by dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis (PG 42)
look @ book
function and examples of disaccharides (double sugars)?
examples: sucrose, lactose
functions: important function in human diet
function and examples of polysaccharides(complex)?
examples: glycogen, starch, cellulose fibers
functions: energy storage
triglycerol lipids:
building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol
protein involvement with amino acids:
all amino acids have two groups anime and acid group; all amino acids are identical except R group
proteins primary structure:
the linear sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain is called primary structure
proteins secondary structure:
the alpha helix which is a twist in structure or the Bsheet which is three layers of poleypeptide chain
nucleic acids;
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ha to major molecules DNA & RNA
nucleotide of DNA or RNA:
DNA:consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), one of four bases (cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G)), and a phosphate
RNA:1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil
functions of DNA:
replicates, and provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body
functions of RNA:
messenger, translation
enzyme action:
enzyme bind to enzyme active site forming an enzyme substrate; enzyme-substrate undergoes internal rearrangements that form products; enzyme realness products of the reaction
substrates:
bind at active site temporarily forming a enzyme substrate complex
active sites:
holes that fit together w the substrate
ATP function:
stores and captures energy
plasma membrane and its functions?
selectively permeable and barrier on the edge
fluid mosaic model of membrane (PG 64)
look @ book
diffusion:
molecules or ions from an area where there is higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion:
transported substance either binds to protein carriers in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through the water filled protein channels
active transport:
requires carrier protein that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances
electrochemical gradients:
ions diffuse according to recognizing the effect of both electrical and concentration forces
osmosis:
water moves to saltier/sugary ares
hypertonic:
cells lose water and shrink in hypertonic solution (goes out of cell)
hypotonic:
cells take in water become bloated and burst (water into cell)
endocytosis (pino and phagocytosis)
cell drinking, infolding plasma
excocytosis for secretions:
ejects substances from the cell interior into extracellular fluid
types of cell junctions:
tight, desmosomes,gap junctions
mitosis:
look @ book PG 100
Transcription:
transfers information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule
translation:
steps of protein synthesis the language of nucleic acids is translated into the language of proteins
the cancer connection to mitosis:
uncontrolled mitosis
metastasis:
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
three embryonic germ layers:
endo derm, ectoderm
acinar VS tubular
acinar is a round glans like in alveolar and tubular is a long and tall
where are smooth muscles found
in walls of hallow organs
skeletal muscles are found where
skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally skin
glia
glia are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
