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Anatomy and Physiology 111 > Chapter 1: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology is

A

about the function of the body or how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

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3
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells in the body

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4
Q

Histology

A

the study of cells

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5
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

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6
Q

Embryology

A

developmental changes that occur before birth

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7
Q

Palpation

A

feeling organs with your hands

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8
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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9
Q

Renal physiology

A

concerns the kidney function and urine production

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10
Q

Neurophysiology

A

explains the workings of the nervous system

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11
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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12
Q

levels of structural organization (lowest to highest)

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

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13
Q

what happens at the cellular level

A

tiny building blocks of matter combine to form molecules such as water and proteins ; form tissue

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14
Q

what is in the tissue level

A

are groups of similar cells that have a common function

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15
Q

what are the four basic tissue types

A

epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue

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16
Q

Epithelium tissue:

A

covers the body surface and lines its cavities

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17
Q

Muscle tissue:

A

provides the movement

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18
Q

Connective tissue:

A

supports and protects body organs

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19
Q

Nervous tissue:

A

provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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20
Q

organ system level:

A

are where extremely complex functions become possible

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21
Q

organ:

A

is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function

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22
Q

Organism level:

A

the living human being; all structural levels working together to keep us alive

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23
Q

necessary life function examples:

A

maintain boundaries; move; respond to environmental changes; take in and digest nutrients; dispose of waste; reproduce and grow

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24
Q

Maintain its boundaries

A

so that the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

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25
responsiveness
is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
26
digestion
is the breaking down of ingested foodstuff to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
27
metabolism
chemical reactions that occur within the body
28
Catabolism:
burning of fuel to burn energy
29
Anabolism
building
30
Excretion
process of removing waste from the body
31
Reproduction
occurs at the organismal level
32
Growth
Increase size of a body part or the organism as a whole
33
Survival needs are:
nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temp and atmospheric pressure
34
Nutrients:
contains the chemical substance used for energy and cell building CARBOHYDRATES
35
Oxygen:
needed for the blood and body cells. 20% of the air we breathe
36
Water:
accounts for 60 to 80 percent of our body weight
37
Normal body temp:
98.6 F which is 37C
38
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium
39
what are the parts of the homeostatic system:
receptors, control center, effector
40
receptor:
sensor that monitors the environment and responds tp stimuli; located in the skin; nerve sensors
41
control center:
set point which the variable is maintained; usually found in the brain
42
effector:
feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level; only 2 things can be effected muscles/glands
43
negative feedback
shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; turns it back to original value
44
positive feedback
result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
45
homeostasis imbalance
a disease disturbs homeostasis; or when negative feedback are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback takeover
46
function of integumentary system:
protects deeper tissue from injury; protects from dehydration; thermal regulation; sensation
47
function of skeletal system:
protects and supports body organs, used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within red marrow of bone, bones store minerals
48
function of muscular system:
facial expressions, maintains posture, produces heat, support, heat production
49
function of nervous system:
fast acting control system; responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
50
function of the endocrine system:
regulates responses, growth, reproduction
51
function of the cardiovascular system:
delivering of waste, picks up oxygen and delivers, blood vessels carry oxygen, CO, nutrients, hormones and waste
52
function of the lymphatic system
control fluids in the body, immunity, disposes of debris, picks up fluid leak from blood vessels nd returns it to blood
53
function of the respiratory system
removes carbon dioxide, oxygen into the blood
54
function of digestive system:
breaks down food into small enough molecules for absorption into , forming and eliminating feces
55
function of urinary system:
eliminates urea, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the food
56
function of the reproductive system:
form sex cells/produce sex hormones
57
anatomical position
the body is erect, with feet slightly apart, palms face up
58
superior (cranial)
above
59
inferior (caudal)
below
60
ventral (anterior)
toward or at front of the body; in front of
61
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
62
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
63
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of
64
proximal
closer to the origin of the body par or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
65
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
66
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
67
deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
68
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
69
median/midsagittal plane
lies exactly on midline
70
frontal plane
divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
71
transverse/horizontal plane
divided into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
72
oblique sections:
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
73
dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity: contains brain | vertebral/spinal cavity: contains spinal cord
74
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
75
divisions of thoracic cavity
pleural cavity: enveloping each lung | mediastinum:contains pericardial cavity which encloses heart, and other thoracic organs
76
abdominopelvic cavity divisions
superior cavity: contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs inferior cavity: in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum
77
serosa/serous membrane
walls the ventral body cavity; double thin membrane
78
parietal serosa
membrane lining the cavity walls
79
visceral serosa
covering the organs of the cavity
80
serous fluid
allows organs to slide without friction
81
pleura
serous membrane around the lungs
82
peritoneum
serous membrane wraps of abdominopelvic cavity
83
pericardium
wraps around the heart
84
what does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?
functions reflect structure and structures determines function
85
which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other organs/cells to regulate their activity?
nervous and endocrine
86
which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled below (diagram 5)
intertestinal fluid: oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and nutrients
87
what is the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?
receptor, control center, effector
88
what is true about negative feedback?
effect opposes the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (7 decks)

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