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Anatomy and Physiology 111 > Chapter 1: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology is

A

about the function of the body or how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

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3
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells in the body

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4
Q

Histology

A

the study of cells

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5
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

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6
Q

Embryology

A

developmental changes that occur before birth

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7
Q

Palpation

A

feeling organs with your hands

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8
Q

Auscultation

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

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9
Q

Renal physiology

A

concerns the kidney function and urine production

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10
Q

Neurophysiology

A

explains the workings of the nervous system

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11
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

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12
Q

levels of structural organization (lowest to highest)

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level

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13
Q

what happens at the cellular level

A

tiny building blocks of matter combine to form molecules such as water and proteins ; form tissue

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14
Q

what is in the tissue level

A

are groups of similar cells that have a common function

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15
Q

what are the four basic tissue types

A

epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue

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16
Q

Epithelium tissue:

A

covers the body surface and lines its cavities

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17
Q

Muscle tissue:

A

provides the movement

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18
Q

Connective tissue:

A

supports and protects body organs

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19
Q

Nervous tissue:

A

provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses

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20
Q

organ system level:

A

are where extremely complex functions become possible

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21
Q

organ:

A

is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function

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22
Q

Organism level:

A

the living human being; all structural levels working together to keep us alive

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23
Q

necessary life function examples:

A

maintain boundaries; move; respond to environmental changes; take in and digest nutrients; dispose of waste; reproduce and grow

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24
Q

Maintain its boundaries

A

so that the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

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25
Q

responsiveness

A

is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

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26
Q

digestion

A

is the breaking down of ingested foodstuff to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

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27
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions that occur within the body

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28
Q

Catabolism:

A

burning of fuel to burn energy

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29
Q

Anabolism

A

building

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30
Q

Excretion

A

process of removing waste from the body

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31
Q

Reproduction

A

occurs at the organismal level

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32
Q

Growth

A

Increase size of a body part or the organism as a whole

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33
Q

Survival needs are:

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temp and atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

Nutrients:

A

contains the chemical substance used for energy and cell building CARBOHYDRATES

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35
Q

Oxygen:

A

needed for the blood and body cells. 20% of the air we breathe

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36
Q

Water:

A

accounts for 60 to 80 percent of our body weight

37
Q

Normal body temp:

A

98.6 F which is 37C

38
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium

39
Q

what are the parts of the homeostatic system:

A

receptors, control center, effector

40
Q

receptor:

A

sensor that monitors the environment and responds tp stimuli; located in the skin; nerve sensors

41
Q

control center:

A

set point which the variable is maintained; usually found in the brain

42
Q

effector:

A

feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level; only 2 things can be effected muscles/glands

43
Q

negative feedback

A

shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; turns it back to original value

44
Q

positive feedback

A

result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

45
Q

homeostasis imbalance

A

a disease disturbs homeostasis; or when negative feedback are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback takeover

46
Q

function of integumentary system:

A

protects deeper tissue from injury; protects from dehydration; thermal regulation; sensation

47
Q

function of skeletal system:

A

protects and supports body organs, used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within red marrow of bone, bones store minerals

48
Q

function of muscular system:

A

facial expressions, maintains posture, produces heat, support, heat production

49
Q

function of nervous system:

A

fast acting control system; responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

50
Q

function of the endocrine system:

A

regulates responses, growth, reproduction

51
Q

function of the cardiovascular system:

A

delivering of waste, picks up oxygen and delivers, blood vessels carry oxygen, CO, nutrients, hormones and waste

52
Q

function of the lymphatic system

A

control fluids in the body, immunity, disposes of debris, picks up fluid leak from blood vessels nd returns it to blood

53
Q

function of the respiratory system

A

removes carbon dioxide, oxygen into the blood

54
Q

function of digestive system:

A

breaks down food into small enough molecules for absorption into , forming and eliminating feces

55
Q

function of urinary system:

A

eliminates urea, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the food

56
Q

function of the reproductive system:

A

form sex cells/produce sex hormones

57
Q

anatomical position

A

the body is erect, with feet slightly apart, palms face up

58
Q

superior (cranial)

A

above

59
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below

60
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

toward or at front of the body; in front of

61
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

62
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

63
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of

64
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body par or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

65
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

66
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

67
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

68
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

69
Q

median/midsagittal plane

A

lies exactly on midline

70
Q

frontal plane

A

divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

71
Q

transverse/horizontal plane

A

divided into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)

72
Q

oblique sections:

A

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

73
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

cranial cavity: contains brain

vertebral/spinal cavity: contains spinal cord

74
Q

ventral body cavity

A

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

75
Q

divisions of thoracic cavity

A

pleural cavity: enveloping each lung

mediastinum:contains pericardial cavity which encloses heart, and other thoracic organs

76
Q

abdominopelvic cavity divisions

A

superior cavity: contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
inferior cavity: in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum

77
Q

serosa/serous membrane

A

walls the ventral body cavity; double thin membrane

78
Q

parietal serosa

A

membrane lining the cavity walls

79
Q

visceral serosa

A

covering the organs of the cavity

80
Q

serous fluid

A

allows organs to slide without friction

81
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane around the lungs

82
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane wraps of abdominopelvic cavity

83
Q

pericardium

A

wraps around the heart

84
Q

what does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?

A

functions reflect structure and structures determines function

85
Q

which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other organs/cells to regulate their activity?

A

nervous and endocrine

86
Q

which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled below (diagram 5)

A

intertestinal fluid: oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and nutrients

87
Q

what is the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?

A

receptor, control center, effector

88
Q

what is true about negative feedback?

A

effect opposes the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (7 decks)

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