Chapter 1: The Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy is
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology is
about the function of the body or how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities
Cytology
study of cells in the body
Histology
the study of cells
Developmental Anatomy
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Embryology
developmental changes that occur before birth
Palpation
feeling organs with your hands
Auscultation
listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
Renal physiology
concerns the kidney function and urine production
Neurophysiology
explains the workings of the nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology
examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
levels of structural organization (lowest to highest)
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
what happens at the cellular level
tiny building blocks of matter combine to form molecules such as water and proteins ; form tissue
what is in the tissue level
are groups of similar cells that have a common function
what are the four basic tissue types
epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue
Epithelium tissue:
covers the body surface and lines its cavities
Muscle tissue:
provides the movement
Connective tissue:
supports and protects body organs
Nervous tissue:
provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
organ system level:
are where extremely complex functions become possible
organ:
is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function
Organism level:
the living human being; all structural levels working together to keep us alive
necessary life function examples:
maintain boundaries; move; respond to environmental changes; take in and digest nutrients; dispose of waste; reproduce and grow
Maintain its boundaries
so that the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it
responsiveness
is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
digestion
is the breaking down of ingested foodstuff to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
metabolism
chemical reactions that occur within the body
Catabolism:
burning of fuel to burn energy
Anabolism
building
Excretion
process of removing waste from the body
Reproduction
occurs at the organismal level
Growth
Increase size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Survival needs are:
nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temp and atmospheric pressure
Nutrients:
contains the chemical substance used for energy and cell building CARBOHYDRATES
Oxygen:
needed for the blood and body cells. 20% of the air we breathe
Water:
accounts for 60 to 80 percent of our body weight
Normal body temp:
98.6 F which is 37C
Homeostasis
state of equilibrium
what are the parts of the homeostatic system:
receptors, control center, effector
receptor:
sensor that monitors the environment and responds tp stimuli; located in the skin; nerve sensors
control center:
set point which the variable is maintained; usually found in the brain
effector:
feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level; only 2 things can be effected muscles/glands
negative feedback
shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity; turns it back to original value
positive feedback
result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
homeostasis imbalance
a disease disturbs homeostasis; or when negative feedback are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback takeover
function of integumentary system:
protects deeper tissue from injury; protects from dehydration; thermal regulation; sensation
function of skeletal system:
protects and supports body organs, used to cause movement, blood cells are formed within red marrow of bone, bones store minerals
function of muscular system:
facial expressions, maintains posture, produces heat, support, heat production
function of nervous system:
fast acting control system; responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
function of the endocrine system:
regulates responses, growth, reproduction
function of the cardiovascular system:
delivering of waste, picks up oxygen and delivers, blood vessels carry oxygen, CO, nutrients, hormones and waste
function of the lymphatic system
control fluids in the body, immunity, disposes of debris, picks up fluid leak from blood vessels nd returns it to blood
function of the respiratory system
removes carbon dioxide, oxygen into the blood
function of digestive system:
breaks down food into small enough molecules for absorption into , forming and eliminating feces
function of urinary system:
eliminates urea, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the food
function of the reproductive system:
form sex cells/produce sex hormones
anatomical position
the body is erect, with feet slightly apart, palms face up
superior (cranial)
above
inferior (caudal)
below
ventral (anterior)
toward or at front of the body; in front of
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of
proximal
closer to the origin of the body par or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
median/midsagittal plane
lies exactly on midline
frontal plane
divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse/horizontal plane
divided into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
oblique sections:
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
dorsal body cavity
cranial cavity: contains brain
vertebral/spinal cavity: contains spinal cord
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
divisions of thoracic cavity
pleural cavity: enveloping each lung
mediastinum:contains pericardial cavity which encloses heart, and other thoracic organs
abdominopelvic cavity divisions
superior cavity: contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
inferior cavity: in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum
serosa/serous membrane
walls the ventral body cavity; double thin membrane
parietal serosa
membrane lining the cavity walls
visceral serosa
covering the organs of the cavity
serous fluid
allows organs to slide without friction
pleura
serous membrane around the lungs
peritoneum
serous membrane wraps of abdominopelvic cavity
pericardium
wraps around the heart
what does the principle of complementarity of structure and function mean?
functions reflect structure and structures determines function
which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other organs/cells to regulate their activity?
nervous and endocrine
which materials are exchanged between blood and cells, as depicted by the set of arrows labeled below (diagram 5)
intertestinal fluid: oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and nutrients
what is the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system?
receptor, control center, effector
what is true about negative feedback?
effect opposes the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
