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Biology 111 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did Charles Darwin describe evolution?

A

decent with modification

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2
Q

Levels of organization

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
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3
Q

Evolution is both a … and a …

A

pattern, process

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4
Q

Pattern

A

observations about natural world

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5
Q

Process

A

mechanisms causing pattern of change

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6
Q

How did Darwin’s ideas challenge traditional views?

A

Many thought the earth was young and that species were unchanging; perfectly matched to their environment

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7
Q

Aristotle’s Csala Naturae

A
  1. Species do not change (they are designed by God and perfect) but there are some “affinities” among organisms
  2. Organisms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (“scale of nature”)
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8
Q

Species do not change (they are designed by God and perfect) but there are some “affinities” among organisms

A

Aristotle’s Scala Naturae

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9
Q

Organisms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (“scale of nature”)

A

Aristotle’s Scala Naturae

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10
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed binomial nomenclature

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11
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

two part naming system (Genus species)

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12
Q

How did Carolus Linnaeus name organisms?

A

Based on physical characteristics (morphology) and did NOT describe/support evolutionary relationships

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13
Q

What did Darwin argue that classification should reflect?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

Carolus Linnaeus’s classification system

A

species were grouped along with similar species into increasingly general categories

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15
Q

Why did Linnaeus believe adaptations occurred?

A

the Creator had designed them for a purpose

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16
Q

George Cuvier

A

Developed Paleontology

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17
Q

Developed Paleontology

A

George Cuvier

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18
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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19
Q

The older the strata (rock layer)…

A

the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life-forms

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20
Q

What did Cuvier attribute extinctions to?

A

catastrophic events

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21
Q

What did Cuvier speculate?

A

repopulation was by immigration (opposed evolution)

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22
Q

What do some scientists believe?

A

great changes can happen via slow but continuous processes

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23
Q

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

A

Geologists who stated that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions

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24
Q

Geologists who stated that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions

A

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

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25
Q

What did Hutton determine?

A

The Earth is millions of years old (rather than a few thousand)

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26
Q

What ideas were Darwin’s thinking influenced by?

A
  1. Fossil record

2. Idea of slow and continuous processes producing biological changes (evolution)

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27
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

French biologist

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28
Q

What did Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck suggest?

A

life evolves

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29
Q

what mechanism did Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck propose?

A
  1. ) use and disuse
  2. ) inheritance of acquired characteristics
  3. ) innate drive for complexity
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30
Q

Use and disuse

A

the more you use, the stronger it becomes

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31
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck thought traits were aquired over a lifetime and that they could be heritable

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32
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck’s hypothesis

A

was testable, but wrong

followed the scientific process

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33
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English naturalist and geologist who was fixated on adaptation and speciation

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34
Q

Who was Charles Darwin protege of?

A

botanist John Henslow

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35
Q

Who heavily influenced Darwin?

A

Lyell and Hutton

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36
Q

HMS Beagle

A

Darwin collected speciments and record observations

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37
Q

What did Darwin observe on the HMS Beagle?

A
  1. ) fossils resembled living species

2. ) living species resembled those from nearby regions

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38
Q

What did Darwin hypothesize?

A

species from S. America colonized the Galapagos and speciated on the islands

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39
Q

What did Darwin focus on?

A

Adaptations

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40
Q

Adaptation

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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41
Q

What are adaptation and speciation explained by?

A

natural selection

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42
Q

Natural selection

A

individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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43
Q

individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

A

natural selection

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44
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

independently came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection

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45
Q

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

published by Darwin in 1859

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46
Q

published by Darwin in 1859

A

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

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47
Q

What did Darwin’s book explain?

A

unity and diversity of life, as well as match between organisms and environment

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48
Q

Descent with modification

A

species gradually aquire modifications that fit them to current environment, which leads to diversification

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49
Q

species gradually aquire modifications that fit them to current environment, which leads to diversification

A

Descent with modification

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50
Q

What is the history of life like?

A

a branching tree from a common trunk (ancestor)

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51
Q

What are morphological gaps in the branching tree explained by?

A

extinctions

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52
Q

What is the crafted argument of Darwin’s book?

A
  1. Artificial selection by humans

2. Observations and inferences from nature

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53
Q

Observation #1 from Darwin’s argument

A

Members of a population vary in inherited traits (behaviors can be inherited as well)

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54
Q

Artificial Selection

A

humans choose the traits in plants and animals that they want (i.e. dog breeds)

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55
Q

Observation #2 from Darwin’s argument

A

All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

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56
Q

Inference #1 from Darwin’s argument

A

Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing tend to have more offspring

57
Q

Inference #2 from Darwin’s argument

A

This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead tot he accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

58
Q

Conditions for natural selection according to Darwin (when occuring together, these conditions yield evolution b natural selection)

A
  1. ) there must be a variation of traits in a population
  2. ) variations must be heritable
  3. ) different variants have different rates of survival
59
Q

Examples of Natural Selection

A
  1. Darwin’s finches
  2. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth (biston betularia)
  3. Pathogen resistance to drug treatments
  4. Pest resistance to insecticides (includes crop pest and disease vectors such as mosquitoes)
60
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

Studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, which experience huge yearly variation in rainfall

61
Q

What else did Darwin study in regards to the finches?

A

beak size varies, and is genetically-controlled and heritable

62
Q

What occured in the Galapagos Islands in 1976-78?

A

the islands experienced a drought that killed 85% of the finches

63
Q

Explain why the beak sizes change

A

Finches eat smaller seeds during dry years, increasing the frequency of large seeds. This produced very strong selection for large beaked birds and some selection for really small beaked birds that were capable of eating very small seeds that most couldn’t handle
This led to the offspring of the finches having larger average beak size

This led to the offspring of the finches having larger average beak size

64
Q

Explain the peppered moth

A

The peppered moth has both a white form and a dark form. During the industrialization era, air pollution increased and there was soot all over the trees. The dark moths went from 1% to 98% of the population in 50 years. As pollution decreased, lichen began growing on the trees, which allowed the white peppered moth better camouflage

65
Q

Describe pathogen resistance to drug treatments

A

Drug resistant bacteria are becoming more common because the bacteria that are resistant to prescribed antibiotics reproduce. The offspring will then also carry the trait that causes them to resist

66
Q

Pest resistance to insecticides (includes crop pest and disease vectors such as mosquitoes)

A

rapid human-induced changes in the environment lead to strong selection and a faster rate of evolution than would otherwise occur

67
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

The individual

68
Q

At what level does evolution occur at?

A

the population level

69
Q

Evolution is not…

A

goal directed (it’s chance), nor is it progressive

70
Q

Four types of data that documents pattern of evolution

A
  1. Direct observations
  2. Homology-similarity resulting from common ancestry
  3. The fossil record
  4. Biography
71
Q

Direct observations

A

Soapberry bug, MRSA

72
Q

Soapberry bug

A

fed on native plants in Florida, fruits of each plant differs, bugs in S. Florida have long beaks, bugs in C. Florida have short beaks

73
Q

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

A

became resistant to penicillin, then methicillin. Antibiotic resistance spreads faster than antibiotics have been discovered

74
Q

Natural selection donly removes what?

A

Variation (does not create variation)

75
Q

Natural selection can only work with what?

A

existing variation of the population

76
Q

Homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

77
Q

Homologous structures

A

anatomical resemblances that present variations on a strucural theme present in a common ancestor

78
Q

Vestigial strucures

A

remnants of features that once served important functions in organism’s ancestors

79
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages (as opposed to resemblace due to homologies)

80
Q

Analogous traits

A

similar function, but not common ancestry

81
Q

Homologous traits

A

common ancestry, but not necessarily similar function

82
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Gene flow is interrupted or reduced when a population is divided into geographical subpopulations

83
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping population. Gene flow is reduced by factors other than geographic speciation

84
Q

How does allopatric speciation occur?

A

subpopulations evolve independently through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift

85
Q

Types of Allopatric speciation

A
  1. Definition of barriers depends on the organism
  2. When individuals colonize new areas
  3. Reproductive isolation
86
Q

How can reproductive isolation arise?

A

a by-product of genetic divergence

87
Q

Microevolution

A

consists of changes in allele frequency in a population over time

88
Q

Macroevolution

A

broad patterns of evolutionary changes above the species level

89
Q

Speciation

A

process in which one species splits into two or more species

90
Q

Speciation is the focal point of evolutionary theory and…

A

forms a conceptual bridge between micro and macro evolution

91
Q

Species

A

Latin for “kind” or “appearance”

92
Q

Hybrids

A

the offspring of crosses between members of different species

93
Q

Biological species concept defines species as…

A

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

94
Q

Aspects of biological species concept

A
  1. Gene flow between populations holds a species together genetically
  2. Reproductive isolation
95
Q

Reproductive isolaltion

A

biological factors (barriers) that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring

96
Q

Types of reproductive isolation

A
  1. Prezygotic barriers

2. Postzygotic barriers

97
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

“before the zygote” -block fertilization

98
Q

Types of prezygotic barriers

A
  1. Habitat isolation
  2. Temporal isolation
  3. Behavioral isolation
99
Q

Habitat isolation

A

breed in different places in the same range

- not isolated by obvious barrier; rarely encounter each other

100
Q

Temporal isolation

A

breed during different times of the day, different seasons, or years

101
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

courtship rituals and other behaviors enable mate recognition and prevent breeding

102
Q

After Mating Attempt, Prior to Fertilization

A
  1. Mechanical isolation

2. Gametic isolation

103
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

mating attempted, but morphological differences prevent completion

104
Q

Gametic isolation

A

sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

105
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

“after the zygote” -contributes to reproductive isolation after formation of hybrid zygote

106
Q

Types of postzygotic barriers

A
  1. Reduced hybrid viability
  2. Reduced hybrid fertility
  3. Hybrid breakdown
107
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

genes of different parent species interact in ways that impair development and survival

108
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

hybrid survives, but is steril

109
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

first generationviable and fertile, but when mate with each other or either parent species, offspring are feeble or sterile

110
Q

Limitations to Biological Species Concept

A
  1. cannot be bapplied to fossils
  2. cannot be applied to asexual organisms
  3. emphasizes absence of gene flow, but gene flow can occur between distinct species
111
Q

Morphological species concept

A

defines species by strucural features

112
Q

What does the morphological species apply to

A
  1. sexual and asexual species

2. fossils

113
Q

What does morphological species concept rely on?

A

subjective criteria (debatable)

114
Q

Examples of subjective criteria

A

Monarch and Viceroy

115
Q

Ecological species concept

A

defines species in terms of its ecological niche

116
Q

Niche

A

species “role” in environment defined as the set of conditions in which a viable populaiton can be maintained

117
Q

What does niche apply to?

A

sexual and asexual species

118
Q

What does niche emphasize?

A

the role of disruptive selection

119
Q

Regions with many geographic barriers typically have…

A

more species than do regions with fewer barriers

120
Q

Reproductive isolation between populations generally…

A

increase as the distance between them increases

121
Q

Reproductive barriers are…

A

biological in nature; physical separation is not a biological barrier

122
Q

In sympatric speciation, gene flow is reduced by…

A

non-physical barriers such as polypoidy, sexual selection, and habitat differentiation

123
Q

Polyploidy

A

the presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division

124
Q

What is polypoidy more common in?

A

Plants than animals

125
Q

What can a polypoidy produce?

A

new biological species in sympatry within a single generation

126
Q

Sexual selecion

A

can drive sympatric speciation if females are choosing mates based on physical characterists

127
Q

Habitat differentiation

A
  1. Sympatric speciation can also result from the appearance of new ecological niches
  2. Sub population explloits a new habitat or resource not used by the parent population
128
Q

Types of sympatric speciation

A
  1. Polyploidy
  2. Sexual selection
  3. Habitat differentiation
129
Q

In allopatric speciation…

A

geographic isolation restricts gene flow between populations

130
Q

In sympatric speciation…

A

a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population without geographic separation from the parent species

131
Q

Hybrid zone

A

a region in which members of different species mate and produce hybrids

132
Q

What can a hybrid zone be?

A

a single band where adjacent species meet

133
Q

What can changes in environmental conditions result in?

A

the relocation of existing hybrid zones or the production of novel hybrid zones

134
Q

What can breeding between hybrids and parent species result in?

A

the transfer of alleles from one parent species to the other

135
Q

Three possible outcomes when closely related species meet in a hybrid zone

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Fusion
  3. Stability
136
Q

Reinforcement

A

Strengthening of Reproduction Barriers

  1. hybrids less fit
  2. natural selection stregthens prezygotic barriers
  3. overtime hybridization decreases
137
Q

Fusion

A
  1. Hybrids are as fit as parents
  2. Can be substantial gene flow between species
  3. If enough reproductive barriers are weakened and parent species can fuse into a single species
138
Q

Stability

A

Hybrids continue to be produced because extensive gene flow from outside the hybrid zone can overwhelm selection for increased reproductive isolation inside the hybrid zone

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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