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Biology 111 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How did Charles Darwin describe evolution?

A

decent with modification

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2
Q

Levels of organization

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
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3
Q

Evolution is both a … and a …

A

pattern, process

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4
Q

Pattern

A

observations about natural world

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5
Q

Process

A

mechanisms causing pattern of change

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6
Q

How did Darwin’s ideas challenge traditional views?

A

Many thought the earth was young and that species were unchanging; perfectly matched to their environment

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7
Q

Aristotle’s Csala Naturae

A
  1. Species do not change (they are designed by God and perfect) but there are some “affinities” among organisms
  2. Organisms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (“scale of nature”)
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8
Q

Species do not change (they are designed by God and perfect) but there are some “affinities” among organisms

A

Aristotle’s Scala Naturae

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9
Q

Organisms are arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (“scale of nature”)

A

Aristotle’s Scala Naturae

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10
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Developed binomial nomenclature

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11
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

two part naming system (Genus species)

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12
Q

How did Carolus Linnaeus name organisms?

A

Based on physical characteristics (morphology) and did NOT describe/support evolutionary relationships

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13
Q

What did Darwin argue that classification should reflect?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

Carolus Linnaeus’s classification system

A

species were grouped along with similar species into increasingly general categories

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15
Q

Why did Linnaeus believe adaptations occurred?

A

the Creator had designed them for a purpose

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16
Q

George Cuvier

A

Developed Paleontology

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17
Q

Developed Paleontology

A

George Cuvier

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18
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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19
Q

The older the strata (rock layer)…

A

the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life-forms

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20
Q

What did Cuvier attribute extinctions to?

A

catastrophic events

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21
Q

What did Cuvier speculate?

A

repopulation was by immigration (opposed evolution)

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22
Q

What do some scientists believe?

A

great changes can happen via slow but continuous processes

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23
Q

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

A

Geologists who stated that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions

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24
Q

Geologists who stated that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow continuous actions

A

James Hutton and Charles Lyell

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25
Q

What did Hutton determine?

A

The Earth is millions of years old (rather than a few thousand)

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26
Q

What ideas were Darwin’s thinking influenced by?

A
  1. Fossil record

2. Idea of slow and continuous processes producing biological changes (evolution)

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27
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

French biologist

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28
Q

What did Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck suggest?

A

life evolves

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29
Q

what mechanism did Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck propose?

A
  1. ) use and disuse
  2. ) inheritance of acquired characteristics
  3. ) innate drive for complexity
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30
Q

Use and disuse

A

the more you use, the stronger it becomes

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31
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Lamarck thought traits were aquired over a lifetime and that they could be heritable

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32
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck’s hypothesis

A

was testable, but wrong

followed the scientific process

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33
Q

Charles Darwin

A

English naturalist and geologist who was fixated on adaptation and speciation

34
Q

Who was Charles Darwin protege of?

A

botanist John Henslow

35
Q

Who heavily influenced Darwin?

A

Lyell and Hutton

36
Q

HMS Beagle

A

Darwin collected speciments and record observations

37
Q

What did Darwin observe on the HMS Beagle?

A
  1. ) fossils resembled living species

2. ) living species resembled those from nearby regions

38
Q

What did Darwin hypothesize?

A

species from S. America colonized the Galapagos and speciated on the islands

39
Q

What did Darwin focus on?

A

Adaptations

40
Q

Adaptation

A

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

41
Q

What are adaptation and speciation explained by?

A

natural selection

42
Q

Natural selection

A

individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

43
Q

individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

A

natural selection

44
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

independently came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection

45
Q

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

published by Darwin in 1859

46
Q

published by Darwin in 1859

A

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

47
Q

What did Darwin’s book explain?

A

unity and diversity of life, as well as match between organisms and environment

48
Q

Descent with modification

A

species gradually aquire modifications that fit them to current environment, which leads to diversification

49
Q

species gradually aquire modifications that fit them to current environment, which leads to diversification

A

Descent with modification

50
Q

What is the history of life like?

A

a branching tree from a common trunk (ancestor)

51
Q

What are morphological gaps in the branching tree explained by?

A

extinctions

52
Q

What is the crafted argument of Darwin’s book?

A
  1. Artificial selection by humans

2. Observations and inferences from nature

53
Q

Observation #1 from Darwin’s argument

A

Members of a population vary in inherited traits (behaviors can be inherited as well)

54
Q

Artificial Selection

A

humans choose the traits in plants and animals that they want (i.e. dog breeds)

55
Q

Observation #2 from Darwin’s argument

A

All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

56
Q

Inference #1 from Darwin’s argument

A

Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing tend to have more offspring

57
Q

Inference #2 from Darwin’s argument

A

This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead tot he accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

58
Q

Conditions for natural selection according to Darwin (when occuring together, these conditions yield evolution b natural selection)

A
  1. ) there must be a variation of traits in a population
  2. ) variations must be heritable
  3. ) different variants have different rates of survival
59
Q

Examples of Natural Selection

A
  1. Darwin’s finches
  2. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth (biston betularia)
  3. Pathogen resistance to drug treatments
  4. Pest resistance to insecticides (includes crop pest and disease vectors such as mosquitoes)
60
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

Studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, which experience huge yearly variation in rainfall

61
Q

What else did Darwin study in regards to the finches?

A

beak size varies, and is genetically-controlled and heritable

62
Q

What occured in the Galapagos Islands in 1976-78?

A

the islands experienced a drought that killed 85% of the finches

63
Q

Explain why the beak sizes change

A

Finches eat smaller seeds during dry years, increasing the frequency of large seeds. This produced very strong selection for large beaked birds and some selection for reall small beaked birds that were capable of eathing very small seeds that most couldn’t handle

This led to the offspring of the finches having larger average beak size

64
Q

Explain the peppered moth

A

The peppered moth has both a white form and a dark form. During the industrialization era, air pollution increased and there was soot all over the trees. The dark moths went from 1% to 98% of the population in 50 years. As pollution decreased, lichen began growing on the trees, which allowed the white peppered moth better camouflage

65
Q

Describe pathogen resistance to drug treatments

A

Drug resistant bacteria are becoming more common because the bacteria that are resistant to prescribed antibiotics reproduce. The offspring will then also carry the trait that causes them to resist

66
Q

Pest resistance to insecticides (includes crop pest and disease vectors such as mosquitoes)

A

rapid human-induced changes in the environment lead to strong selection and a faster rate of evolution than would otherwise occur

67
Q

What does natural selection act on?

A

The individual

68
Q

At what level does evolution occur at?

A

the population level

69
Q

Evolution is not…

A

goal directed (it’s chance), nor is it progressive

70
Q

Four types of data that documents pattern of evolution

A
  1. Direct observations
  2. Homology-similarity resulting from common ancestry
  3. The fossil record
  4. Biography
71
Q

Direct observations

A

Soapberry bug, MRSA

72
Q

Soapberry bug

A

fed on native plants in Florida, fruits of each plant differs, bugs in S. Florida have long beaks, bugs in C. Florida have short beaks

73
Q

MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

A

became resistant to penicillin, then methicillin. Antibiotic resistance spreads faster than antibiotics have been discovered

74
Q

Natural selection donly removes what?

A

Variation (does not create variation)

75
Q

Natural selection can only work with what?

A

existing variation of the population

76
Q

Homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

77
Q

Homologous structures

A

anatomical resemblances that present variations on a strucural theme present in a common ancestor

78
Q

Vestigial strucures

A

remnants of features that once served important functions in organism’s ancestors

79
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different lineages (as opposed to resemblace due to homologies)

80
Q

Analogous traits

A

similar function, but not common ancestry

81
Q

Homologous traits

A

common ancestry, but not necessarily similar function

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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