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Biology 111 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

mechanisms of evolution

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2
Q

Patterns

A

observations of evolution’s products over time

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3
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

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4
Q

the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

A

Phylogeny

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5
Q

What does phylogen show about legless lizards and snakes?

A

They evolved from different lineages of legged lizards

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6
Q

Systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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7
Q

the discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

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8
Q

Taxonomy

A

the scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying organisms

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9
Q

the scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying organisms

A

taxonomy

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10
Q

Two key parts of Carolus Linnaeus’s system on taxonomy

A
  1. Binomial nomenclature

2. Hierarchical classification

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11
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

two part naming system for species

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12
Q

two part naming system for species

A

binomial nomenclature

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13
Q

Hierarchical classification

A

grouping of species in increasingly inclusive categories

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14
Q

grouping of species in increasingly inclusive categories

A

Hierarchical classification

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15
Q

What is the first part of the binomial nomenclature name?

A

genus (pl. genera)

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16
Q

Second part of binomial nomenclature

A

the species epithet and is unique for each species within the genus

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17
Q

How to write the binomial nomenclature

A

Genus is always capitalized, both are either italicized or underlined

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18
Q

Why use binomial nomenclature?

A
  1. common name may refer to multiple species

2. common name may not accurately reflect the kind of organism they signify

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19
Q

Hierarchical classification from broad to narrow

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
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20
Q

taxon

A

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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21
Q

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

A

taxon

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22
Q

What does the Linnaean system not describe?

A

evolutionary relationships

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23
Q

What do phylogenies represent?

A

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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24
Q

The Linnaean system does not describe _______

A

Evolutionary relationships

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25
Q

Pattern may or may not match _____

A

Linnaean classification scheme

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26
Q

What do phylogenetic trees represent?

A

a hypothesis about the evolutionar relationships

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27
Q

Branch point

A

represents the divervence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

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28
Q

represents the divervence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

A

branching point

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29
Q

groups that share an immediate common ancestor. they are each other’s closest relatives

A

sister taxa

30
Q

Sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor. they are each other’s closest relatives

31
Q

Rooted trees include a branch to represet ___

A

the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree (the outgroup or basal taxon)

32
Q

Basal taxon

A

diverges earl in the history of the group and originates near the common ancestor of the group (sometimes called the “outgroup”)

33
Q

diverges earl in the history of the group and originates near the common ancestor of the group (sometimes called the “outgroup”)

A

Basal taxon

34
Q

Polytomy

A

a branch from which more than two groups emerge. This signifies that the evolutionary relationships are not yet clear

35
Q

a branch from which more than two groups emerge. This signifies that the evolutionary relationships are not yet clear

36
Q

Lineages that share a more recent common ancestor are __________

A

more closely related

37
Q

What we can and cannot determine from phylogenetic trees

A

Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity

38
Q

What do phylogenetic trees not indicate?

A

when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage

39
Q

Information about morphologies, genes, and biochemistry are gathered focusing on _________

A

features that result from common ancestry

40
Q

Homologies

A

phenotypic and genetic similarities based on shared ancestry

41
Q

phenotypic and genetic similarities based on shared ancestry

A

Homologies

42
Q

Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than ______

A

organisms with different structures or sequences

43
Q

Analogies (AKA homoplasies)

A

Similarities between two
species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to
descent from a common ancestor with the same trait

44
Q

Similarities between two
species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to
descent from a common ancestor with the same trait

A

Analogies (AKA homoplasies)

45
Q

Convergent evolution occurs when ______

A

similar environmental pressures and natural
selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in
organisms from different evolutionary lineages

46
Q

How to distinguish analogy from homology

A

comparing fossil evidence and the degree of complexity

47
Q

The more elements that are similar in two complex structures ________

A

the more likely they are homologous

48
Q

Cladistics

A

groups of organisms by common descent

49
Q

groups of organisms by common descent

A

cladistics

50
Q

Methods of using homologous characters to infer a phylogeny

A

cladistics

51
Q

Cladistics lace species into groups called ____

52
Q

Clade

A

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

53
Q

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

54
Q

Clades are nested in larger clades, but…

A

not all grouping of organisms qualify as clades

55
Q

Monopyletic group (single tribe)

A

In order to be a clade, the group must contain the common ancestor and all of its descendants

56
Q

In order to be a clade, the group must contain the common ancestor and all of its descendants

A

Monopyletic group (single tribe)

57
Q

Paraphyletic group (beside the tribe)

A

consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

58
Q

consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

A

Paraphyletic group (beside the tribe)

59
Q

Polyphyletic group (many tribes)

A

includes distantly related species but does not include theirmost recent common ancestor

60
Q

includes distantly related species but does not include theirmost recent common ancestor

A

Polyphyletic group (many tribes)

61
Q

Remember descent with modification

A

organisms share traits with ancestors, but also developed new traits that are different from their ancestors

62
Q

Shared ancestral character

A

a character, shared by
members of a particular clade, that originated in an
ancestor that is not a member of that clade

63
Q

a character, shared by
members of a particular clade, that originated in an
ancestor that is not a member of that clade

A

Shared ancestral character

64
Q

Shared derived character

A

an evolutionary novelty

unique to a particular clade

65
Q

an evolutionary novelty

unique to a particular clade

A

Shared derived character

66
Q

Outgroup

A

species or group of species from an evolutionary
lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage
that includes the species being studied (ingroup)

67
Q

species or group of species from an evolutionary
lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage
that includes the species being studied (ingroup)

68
Q

Principle of maximum parsimony

A

should first investigate

the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

69
Q

should first investigate

the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

A

Principle of maximum parsimony

70
Q

Principle of maximum likelihood-

A
  • used in molecular data
    to identify the tree most likely to produce the given set of
    DNA data based on certain probability rules about how
    DNA sequences change over time
71
Q
  • used in molecular data
    to identify the tree most likely to produce the given set of
    DNA data based on certain probability rules about how
    DNA sequences change over time
A

Principle of maximum likelihood-

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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