Chapter 33 quiz Flashcards by Faith Swartz | Brainscape

Q

Sessile organisms with a sac-like body (many pores)

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

5,500+ species

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Inhabit marine or freshwater

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Filter feeders (capture food particles suspended in water that pass through body)

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Has spongocoel and osculum

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Exhibit cellular level of organization (lack tissues, groups of similar that act as functional units)

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Cells include choanocytes and amoebocytes

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

consist of a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer between two cell layers

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Sponges are hermaphroditic

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Most are sequentially hermaphroditic functioning as one sex then the other

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Asexual reproduction occurs via budding and production of dormant clusters of embryonic cells (gemmules)

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Sexual reproduction occurs when gametes arise from amoebocytes or choanocytes, female sponge retains eggs, male sponge release sperm through osculum, sperm are drawn into nearby individuals where fertilization occus in the mesohyl
Zygotes develop into flagellated swimming larvae that disperse until they find a suitable subtrate and develop into a sessile adult

A

Phylum Porifera (sponges)

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Q

Classes in Phylum Porifera

A

Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges
Demospongiae: Commercial and Freshwater sponges
Hexactinellida: Glass sponges
Homoscleromorpha

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Q

Characterized by CaCO3 spicules (3 or 4 points), all 3 body plans represented

A

Class Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges

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Q

Spicules made of silica and spongin, almost all are leuconoid

A

Class Demospongiae (81% of all Porifera)

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Q

Spicules made of silica (with 4 and/or 6 points), Syconoid or Leuconoid

A

Class Hexactinellida: Glass Sponges

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Q

Recently recognized 4th class of sponges, Silica spicules are small or absent

A

Class Homoscleromorpha

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Q

Diploblastic members of group Radiata

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

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Q

100 species

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

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Q

Exhibit incomplete gut (single opening acts a mouth and anus)

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

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Q

Specialized cells colloblasts that secrete sticky substance to capture prey

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

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Q

Exhibit bioluminescence

A

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)

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Q

10,000 species

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Diploblastic member of group Radiata

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Body plan - sac with a central digestive compartment (gastrovascular cavity)

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Two body plan variations:

polyp - sessile, attaches to the substrate via the aboral end of its body. Feeding structures extend upward waiting for prey
medusa - motile, bell-shaped body with mouth on the underside

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

All are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

cells include cnidocytes (specialized cells that function in defense and prey capture); organelles consist of nematocysts (organelles within the cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread to subdue prey

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Nervous system and muscles are simple

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Contains nerve net

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Do not actively hunt, but are capable of movement

A

Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)

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Q

Two major clades of Phylum Cnidaria

A

Medusozoa - produce a medusa

2. Anthozoa (class anthozoa)

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Q

Medusozoa

A

Class Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa

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Q

Mostly marine, few fresh water

A

Class Hydrozoa

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Q

Life cycle - alternates between polyp and medusa

A

Class Hydrozoa

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Q

Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian, exist only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding

A

Class Hydrozoa

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Q

True jellies

A

Class scyphozoa

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Q

all marine

A

Class Scyphozoa

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Q

Polyp stage is reduced - Medusa stage is nominantt

A

Class Scyphozoa

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Q

Medusae are free swimming and relativel large (up to 2m in diameter)

A

Class Scyphozoa

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Q

Box Jellies

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

All marine

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

Box shaped medusa is dominant stage

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

Complex eyes (can see images)

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

Highly toxic cnidocytes

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

Sea wasp (Australia) sting can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death within minutes

A

Class Cubozoa

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Q

Corals and sea anemones

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

Corals and sea anemones

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

All marine

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

Occur as polyps only

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

Corals secrete a hard exoskeleton and often form symbioses with algae

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

Sea anemones are sessile polyps and form symbioses with other species like the clown fish

A

Class Anthozoa

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Q

Three major clades of Bilaterians

A

Lophotrochozoans
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomina

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Q

Clade identified by molecular data and is thus a morphologically diverse clade with respect to body forms:

Lophophore - crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and are used for feeding
Trochophore - larval stage observed in lophotrochozoan animals (including some annelids and molluscs)

A

Lophotrochozoans

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Q

Phlya Platyhelminthes, Syndermata, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Annelida

A

Lophotrochozoan

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Q

Flatworms

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Free living members of this phylum live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Many, like flukes and tapeworms are parasitic

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Are triploblastic acoelomates with gastrovascular cavity with only one opening (incomplete gut/no true vascular system)

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Branches of gastrovascular cavity distribute food directly to cells

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Excretory system consists of protonephridia with flam bulbs/cells

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Protonephridia with flame bulbs/cells - act like kidneys for waste removal

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Class Turbellaria

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Free living flatworms

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Best known are Planarians

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Fresh water predatory flatworm

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Exhibit cephalization

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Eyespots detect lights

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Auricles detect chemicals

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Are hermaphroditic and reproduce sexually and asexually (fission)

A

Class Turbellaria

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Q

Class Trematoda

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Q

Flukes

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Parasitic organisms with complex life-cycles

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Alternate between asexual and sexual stages

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Ex. Blood fluke causes Schistosomiasis

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Primary host (reproductive host) is humans

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Intermediate host (larval development) are snails

A

Class Trematoda

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Q

Class Cestoda

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Q

Tapeworms

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Usually a vertebrate host

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Lack a head or mouth

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Scolex with hooks and suckers

A

Class Cestoda

Q

No digestive tract - absorb nutrients across body wall from host

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Proglottids make up rest of body

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Contain reproductive structures, mature proglottids on posterior end, new proglottids develop at neck, Human-Livestock life cycle, Dog/Cat-Flea life cycle

A

Class Cestoda

Q

Rotifers and Acanthocephalans

A

Phylum Syndermata

Q

Previously members of this phylum were in separate phyla (Rotifera and Ancanthocephala). However, acanthocephalans are now known to be ‘highly modified’ rotifers. Thus, they combined these two groups into a new phyla

A

Phylum Syndermata

Q

Rotifers are small free-living “wheel animals”

A

Phylum Syndermata

Q

Ciliated crown or corona used to draw water into jaws and grind up microorganisms

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

Exhibit a complete digestive tract (protostome)

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

Are pseudocoelomates

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

Reproduction: parthenogenisis - female only asexual reproduction. Female produces clonal offspring from unfertilized eggs

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

No males

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

Bdelloidea - has persisted without males for 50 million years

A

Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers

Q

Spiny-head worms

A

Acanthocephalans

Q

Highly modified rotifers

A

Acanthocephalans

Q

Parasites of vertebrate

A

Acanthocephalans

Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Acanthocephalans

Q

organisms that exhibit a lophophore feeding structure

A

Lophophorates

Q

are triploblastic coelomates lacking cephalization

A

Lophophorates

Q

Have complete U-shaped gut (protostome)

A

Lophophorates

Q

Lophophorates

A

Two phyla: Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda

Q

Bryozoans or “moss animals”

A

Phylum Ectoprocta

Q

Sessile colonial animals encased in hard exoskeletons

A

Phylum Ectoprocta

Q

Lophophores extend from the pores

A

Phylum Ectoprocta

Q

Most marine-some freshwater (lakes and rivers)

A

Phylum Ectoprocta

Q

Brachiopods or lamp shells

A

Phylum Brachiopoda

Q

Exclusively marine

A

Phylum Brachiopoda

Q

Superficially look like clams, but have a long stalk for attachment to sea floor

A

Phylum Brachiopoda

Q

Two halves of shell are dorsal ventral (not lateral, as seen in clams)

A

Phylum Brachiopoda

Q

Mollusks

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Most are aquatic. Of the aquatic species, most are marine. Some are moist terrestrial

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Have a soft body (most protected with a shell)

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Trochophore larval stage

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Are coelomate organisms with a complete gut (protostome)

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

All have a muscular foot for movement, a visceral mass that contains the internal organs and a mantle that covers the visceral mass and secretes the shell (if present)

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Many also have: mantle cavity that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores and a radula to scrape food

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Reproduce sexually

Most have separate sexes.
Many snails are hermaphroditic but do not self-fertilize

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Include Class Polyplacophora, Class Gastropoda, Class Bivalvia, and Class Cephalopoda

A

Phylum Mollusca

Q

Chitons

A

Class Polyplacophora

Q

Marine organisms encased in an armor of 8 plates.

A

Class Polyplacophora

Q

Foot used for movement and as a suction cup to grip substrate

A

Class Polyplacophora

Q

Snails and Slugs

A

Class Gastropda

Q

75% of all mollusks are members of class Gastropoda.

A

Class Gastropda

Q

Most are marine but can be freshwater or terrestrial

A

Class Gastropda

Q

Shell for protection from injury, dehydration, and predation

A

Class Gastropda

Q

Can be herbivorous or predatory (all have radula)

A

Class Gastropda

Q

Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

A

Class Bivalvia

Q

All aquatic filter-feeders that lack head and radula

A

Class Bivalvia

Q

Two-part shell joined at a dorsal hinge (shells are left and right sides of the animal)

A

Class Bivalvia

Q

Muscular foot for burrowing and paired gills for gas exchange

A

Class Bivalvia

Q

Squid, octopuses, nautiluses

A

Class Cephalopoda

Q

Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.

A

Class Cephalopoda

Q

Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.

A

Class Cephalopoda

Q

Have a closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels) to support the high metabolic rate and vigorous activity

A

Class Cephalopoda

Q

Ammonites are shelled cephalopods. Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with shell. (Shell is an ancestral structure that was lost in this lineage)

A

Class Cephalopoda

Q

Annelids (segmented worms)

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

Are coelomates. Their bodies are composed of a series of fused rings (segments).

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

They have a complete gut (protostomes), closed circulatory system, and exhibit cephalization.

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

Trochophore larval stage

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

Class Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

Can be divided into two clades

A

Phylum Annelida

Q

Clamworm and Christmas tree worm

A

Class Polychaeta

Q

Earthworm

A

Class Oligochaeta

Q

Leeches

A

Class Hirudinea

Q

Members of this group are mobile, marine organisms

A

Clade Errantia

Q

Many have a pair of paddle-like or a ridge of structures called parapodia (“beside feet”) on each body segment.

A

Clade Errantia

Q

Parapodia function in gas exchange

A

Clade Errantia

Q

Have well developed jaws and sensory organs (predatory)

A

Clade Errantia

Q

Ex. Clamworms (Formerly class Polychaeta)

A

Clade Errantia

Q

Members of this group tend to be less mobile

A

Clade Sedentaria

Q

Some (Christmas tree worms-formerly class Polychaeta) live in protective tubes. They have colorful gills or tentacles and are filter feeders.

A

Clade Sedentaria

Q

Others burrow into the substrate

A

Clade Sedentaria

Q

Ex. Leeches (formerly Hirudinea)

A

Clade Sedentaria

Q

Ex Earthworms (formerly class Oligochaeta)

A

Clade Sedentaria

Q

Roudworms

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Non segmented worms

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Fluid filled pseudocoelom

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Complete digestive tracts (alimentary canal)

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Protostome development

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

No circulatory (depends on diffusion)

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Free living or parasitic

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Found in aquatic habitats, soil, parasitize plants and animals

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Phylum Nematoda

Q

Make up 66% of all animals

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Have segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Are coelomates with a complete digestive tract

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Protostome development

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Exoskeleton (cuticle) constructed from protein and chitin

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Segmentation and appendages

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Open circulatory system (hemolymph)

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Various gas exchange mechanism evolved (gills, tracheal systems, etc.)

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Well developed sensory and nervous system

A

Phylum Arthropoda

Q

Sea Spiders, Horshoe crabs, Scorpion, Ticks, Mites, Spiders

A

Subphylum Chelicerata

Q

Names for claw like feeding appendages called chelicerae

A

Subphylum Chelicerata

Q

Have anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen

A

Subphylum Chelicerata

Q

Lack antennae

A

Subphylum Chelicerata

Q

Most have simple eyes

A

Subphylum Chelicerata

Q

Modern chelicerates are arachnids

A

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida

Q

Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

A

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida

Q

Has 6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae (fangs or pincers)
pedipalps (feeding, sensing, reproduction, defense)
4 pairs of walking legs

A

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida

Q

Spiders have book lungs

A

Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida

Q

All are terrestrial

A

Subphylum Myriapoda

Q

Distinct head bears antennae and chewing mouthparts

A

Subphylum Myriapoda

Q

Centipedes

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda

Q

Predatory - poison claws on foremost trunk segment inject paralyzing venom

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda

Q

One pair of legs per segment

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda

Q

Flattened body

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda

Q

Millipedes

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda

Q

Detritivores- feed on decaying plant matter

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda

Q

Two pairs of legs per segment

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda

Q

Tpically have a rounded body

A

Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda