Chapter 33 quiz Flashcards
Sessile organisms with a sac-like body (many pores)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
5,500+ species
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Inhabit marine or freshwater
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Filter feeders (capture food particles suspended in water that pass through body)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Has spongocoel and osculum
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Exhibit cellular level of organization (lack tissues, groups of similar that act as functional units)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Cells include choanocytes and amoebocytes
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
consist of a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer between two cell layers
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Sponges are hermaphroditic
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Most are sequentially hermaphroditic functioning as one sex then the other
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Asexual reproduction occurs via budding and production of dormant clusters of embryonic cells (gemmules)
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Sexual reproduction occurs when gametes arise from amoebocytes or choanocytes, female sponge retains eggs, male sponge release sperm through osculum, sperm are drawn into nearby individuals where fertilization occus in the mesohyl
Zygotes develop into flagellated swimming larvae that disperse until they find a suitable subtrate and develop into a sessile adult
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Classes in Phylum Porifera
- Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges
- Demospongiae: Commercial and Freshwater sponges
- Hexactinellida: Glass sponges
- Homoscleromorpha
Characterized by CaCO3 spicules (3 or 4 points), all 3 body plans represented
Class Calcarea: Calcareous Sponges
Spicules made of silica and spongin, almost all are leuconoid
Class Demospongiae (81% of all Porifera)
Spicules made of silica (with 4 and/or 6 points), Syconoid or Leuconoid
Class Hexactinellida: Glass Sponges
Recently recognized 4th class of sponges, Silica spicules are small or absent
Class Homoscleromorpha
Diploblastic members of group Radiata
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
100 species
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Exhibit incomplete gut (single opening acts a mouth and anus)
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Specialized cells colloblasts that secrete sticky substance to capture prey
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
Exhibit bioluminescence
Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
10,000 species
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Diploblastic member of group Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Body plan - sac with a central digestive compartment (gastrovascular cavity)
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Two body plan variations:
- polyp - sessile, attaches to the substrate via the aboral end of its body. Feeding structures extend upward waiting for prey
- medusa - motile, bell-shaped body with mouth on the underside
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
All are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
cells include cnidocytes (specialized cells that function in defense and prey capture); organelles consist of nematocysts (organelles within the cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread to subdue prey
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Nervous system and muscles are simple
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Contains nerve net
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Do not actively hunt, but are capable of movement
Phylum Cnidaria (Cnidarians)
Two major clades of Phylum Cnidaria
- Medusozoa - produce a medusa
2. Anthozoa (class anthozoa)
Medusozoa
- Class Hydrozoa (hydrozoans)
- Class Scyphozoa
- Class Cubozoa
Mostly marine, few fresh water
Class Hydrozoa
Life cycle - alternates between polyp and medusa
Class Hydrozoa
Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian, exist only in polyp form and reproduces asexually by budding
Class Hydrozoa
True jellies
Class scyphozoa
all marine
Class Scyphozoa
Polyp stage is reduced - Medusa stage is nominantt
Class Scyphozoa
Medusae are free swimming and relativel large (up to 2m in diameter)
Class Scyphozoa
Box Jellies
Class Cubozoa
All marine
Class Cubozoa
Box shaped medusa is dominant stage
Class Cubozoa
Complex eyes (can see images)
Class Cubozoa
Highly toxic cnidocytes
Class Cubozoa
Sea wasp (Australia) sting can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death within minutes
Class Cubozoa
Corals and sea anemones
Class Anthozoa
Corals and sea anemones
Class Anthozoa
All marine
Class Anthozoa
Occur as polyps only
Class Anthozoa
Corals secrete a hard exoskeleton and often form symbioses with algae
Class Anthozoa
Sea anemones are sessile polyps and form symbioses with other species like the clown fish
Class Anthozoa
Three major clades of Bilaterians
- Lophotrochozoans
- Ecdysozoa
- Deuterostomina
Clade identified by molecular data and is thus a morphologically diverse clade with respect to body forms:
- Lophophore - crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and are used for feeding
- Trochophore - larval stage observed in lophotrochozoan animals (including some annelids and molluscs)
Lophotrochozoans
Phlya Platyhelminthes, Syndermata, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, and Annelida
Lophotrochozoan
Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Free living members of this phylum live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Many, like flukes and tapeworms are parasitic
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Are triploblastic acoelomates with gastrovascular cavity with only one opening (incomplete gut/no true vascular system)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Branches of gastrovascular cavity distribute food directly to cells
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Excretory system consists of protonephridia with flam bulbs/cells
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Protonephridia with flame bulbs/cells - act like kidneys for waste removal
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Free living flatworms
Class Turbellaria
Best known are Planarians
Class Turbellaria
Fresh water predatory flatworm
Class Turbellaria
Exhibit cephalization
Class Turbellaria
Eyespots detect lights
Class Turbellaria
Auricles detect chemicals
Class Turbellaria
Are hermaphroditic and reproduce sexually and asexually (fission)
Class Turbellaria
Class Trematoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flukes
Class Trematoda
Parasitic organisms with complex life-cycles
Class Trematoda
Alternate between asexual and sexual stages
Class Trematoda
Ex. Blood fluke causes Schistosomiasis
Class Trematoda
Primary host (reproductive host) is humans
Class Trematoda
Intermediate host (larval development) are snails
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Tapeworms
Class Cestoda
Usually a vertebrate host
Class Cestoda
Lack a head or mouth
Class Cestoda
Scolex with hooks and suckers
Class Cestoda
No digestive tract - absorb nutrients across body wall from host
Class Cestoda
Proglottids make up rest of body
Class Cestoda
Contain reproductive structures, mature proglottids on posterior end, new proglottids develop at neck, Human-Livestock life cycle, Dog/Cat-Flea life cycle
Class Cestoda
Rotifers and Acanthocephalans
Phylum Syndermata
Previously members of this phylum were in separate phyla (Rotifera and Ancanthocephala). However, acanthocephalans are now known to be ‘highly modified’ rotifers. Thus, they combined these two groups into a new phyla
Phylum Syndermata
Rotifers are small free-living “wheel animals”
Phylum Syndermata
Ciliated crown or corona used to draw water into jaws and grind up microorganisms
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
Exhibit a complete digestive tract (protostome)
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
Are pseudocoelomates
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
Reproduction: parthenogenisis - female only asexual reproduction. Female produces clonal offspring from unfertilized eggs
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
No males
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
Bdelloidea - has persisted without males for 50 million years
Phylum Syndermata - Rotifers
Spiny-head worms
Acanthocephalans
Highly modified rotifers
Acanthocephalans
Parasites of vertebrate
Acanthocephalans
Sexual reproduction
Acanthocephalans
organisms that exhibit a lophophore feeding structure
Lophophorates
are triploblastic coelomates lacking cephalization
Lophophorates
Have complete U-shaped gut (protostome)
Lophophorates
Lophophorates
Two phyla: Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda
Bryozoans or “moss animals”
Phylum Ectoprocta
Sessile colonial animals encased in hard exoskeletons
Phylum Ectoprocta
Lophophores extend from the pores
Phylum Ectoprocta
Most marine-some freshwater (lakes and rivers)
Phylum Ectoprocta
Brachiopods or lamp shells
Phylum Brachiopoda
Exclusively marine
Phylum Brachiopoda
Superficially look like clams, but have a long stalk for attachment to sea floor
Phylum Brachiopoda
Two halves of shell are dorsal ventral (not lateral, as seen in clams)
Phylum Brachiopoda
Mollusks
Phylum Mollusca
Most are aquatic. Of the aquatic species, most are marine. Some are moist terrestrial
Phylum Mollusca
Have a soft body (most protected with a shell)
Phylum Mollusca
Trochophore larval stage
Phylum Mollusca
Are coelomate organisms with a complete gut (protostome)
Phylum Mollusca
All have a muscular foot for movement, a visceral mass that contains the internal organs and a mantle that covers the visceral mass and secretes the shell (if present)
Phylum Mollusca
Many also have: mantle cavity that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores and a radula to scrape food
Phylum Mollusca
Reproduce sexually
- Most have separate sexes.
- Many snails are hermaphroditic but do not self-fertilize
Phylum Mollusca
Include Class Polyplacophora, Class Gastropoda, Class Bivalvia, and Class Cephalopoda
Phylum Mollusca
Chitons
Class Polyplacophora
Marine organisms encased in an armor of 8 plates.
Class Polyplacophora
Foot used for movement and as a suction cup to grip substrate
Class Polyplacophora
Snails and Slugs
Class Gastropda
75% of all mollusks are members of class Gastropoda.
Class Gastropda
Most are marine but can be freshwater or terrestrial
Class Gastropda
Shell for protection from injury, dehydration, and predation
Class Gastropda
Can be herbivorous or predatory (all have radula)
Class Gastropda
Clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
Class Bivalvia
All aquatic filter-feeders that lack head and radula
Class Bivalvia
Two-part shell joined at a dorsal hinge (shells are left and right sides of the animal)
Class Bivalvia
Muscular foot for burrowing and paired gills for gas exchange
Class Bivalvia
Squid, octopuses, nautiluses
Class Cephalopoda
Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.
Class Cephalopoda
Most complex of all invertebrates having a well-developed nervous system and sense organs.
Class Cephalopoda
Have a closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels) to support the high metabolic rate and vigorous activity
Class Cephalopoda
Ammonites are shelled cephalopods. Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with shell. (Shell is an ancestral structure that was lost in this lineage)
Class Cephalopoda
Annelids (segmented worms)
Phylum Annelida
Are coelomates. Their bodies are composed of a series of fused rings (segments).
Phylum Annelida
They have a complete gut (protostomes), closed circulatory system, and exhibit cephalization.
Phylum Annelida
Trochophore larval stage
Phylum Annelida
Class Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea
Phylum Annelida
Can be divided into two clades
Phylum Annelida
Clamworm and Christmas tree worm
Class Polychaeta
Earthworm
Class Oligochaeta
Leeches
Class Hirudinea
Members of this group are mobile, marine organisms
Clade Errantia
Many have a pair of paddle-like or a ridge of structures called parapodia (“beside feet”) on each body segment.
Clade Errantia
Parapodia function in gas exchange
Clade Errantia
Have well developed jaws and sensory organs (predatory)
Clade Errantia
Ex. Clamworms (Formerly class Polychaeta)
Clade Errantia
Members of this group tend to be less mobile
Clade Sedentaria
Some (Christmas tree worms-formerly class Polychaeta) live in protective tubes. They have colorful gills or tentacles and are filter feeders.
Clade Sedentaria
Others burrow into the substrate
Clade Sedentaria
Ex. Leeches (formerly Hirudinea)
Clade Sedentaria
- Ex Earthworms (formerly class Oligochaeta)
Clade Sedentaria
Roudworms
Phylum Nematoda
Non segmented worms
Phylum Nematoda
Fluid filled pseudocoelom
Phylum Nematoda
Complete digestive tracts (alimentary canal)
Phylum Nematoda
Protostome development
Phylum Nematoda
No circulatory (depends on diffusion)
Phylum Nematoda
Free living or parasitic
Phylum Nematoda
Found in aquatic habitats, soil, parasitize plants and animals
Phylum Nematoda
Sexual reproduction
Phylum Nematoda
Make up 66% of all animals
Phylum Arthropoda
Found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere
Phylum Arthropoda
Have segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
Are coelomates with a complete digestive tract
Phylum Arthropoda
Protostome development
Phylum Arthropoda
Exoskeleton (cuticle) constructed from protein and chitin
Phylum Arthropoda
Segmentation and appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
Open circulatory system (hemolymph)
Phylum Arthropoda
Various gas exchange mechanism evolved (gills, tracheal systems, etc.)
Phylum Arthropoda
Well developed sensory and nervous system
Phylum Arthropoda
Sea Spiders, Horshoe crabs, Scorpion, Ticks, Mites, Spiders
Subphylum Chelicerata
Names for claw like feeding appendages called chelicerae
Subphylum Chelicerata
Have anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen
Subphylum Chelicerata
Lack antennae
Subphylum Chelicerata
Most have simple eyes
Subphylum Chelicerata
Modern chelicerates are arachnids
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
Has 6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae (fangs or pincers)
pedipalps (feeding, sensing, reproduction, defense)
4 pairs of walking legs
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
Spiders have book lungs
Subphylum Chelicerata: Class Arachnida
All are terrestrial
Subphylum Myriapoda
Distinct head bears antennae and chewing mouthparts
Subphylum Myriapoda
Centipedes
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
Predatory - poison claws on foremost trunk segment inject paralyzing venom
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
One pair of legs per segment
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
Flattened body
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Chilopoda
Millipedes
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
Detritivores- feed on decaying plant matter
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
Two pairs of legs per segment
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
Tpically have a rounded body
Subphylum Myriapoda: Class Dilopoda
