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Biology 111 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary growth

A

Extension of shoots and roots

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2
Q

Why do plants exhibit indeterminate growth?

A

they have meristems

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3
Q

Meristems

A

populations of undifferentiated cells that are able to continuously divide and produce new cells

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4
Q

populations of undifferentiated cells that are able to continuously divide and produce new cells

A

Meristems

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5
Q

Extension of shoots and roots

A

Primary growth

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6
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at the tip of each root and shoot (RAM and SAM)

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7
Q

What happens as cells in the apical meristem divide, enlarge, and differentiate

A

root and shoot tips extend

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8
Q

During primary growth, cells produced by the meristem give rise to three…

A

primary meristems

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9
Q

Primary meristems

A

Produce the mature tissues of the plant

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10
Q

Three types of primary meristems

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground Meristem
  3. Procambium
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11
Q

Tissue system that forms from protoderm

A

Dermal tissue

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12
Q

Tissue system that forms from ground meristem

A

ground tissue

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13
Q

Tissue system that forms from procambium

A

Vascular tissue

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14
Q

What is RAM protected by?

A

root cap

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15
Q

What does the root cap do?

A

sense gravity and determine direction of growth

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16
Q

What does the root cap secrete

A

mucigel

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17
Q

Mucigel

A

helps lubricate root tip as it moves through the soil

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18
Q

Zone of cellular division

A

production of new root cells

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19
Q

Zone of cellular elongation

A

composed of cells that are dividing to increase in length

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20
Q

What is the zone of cellular elongation responsible for?

A

movement of roots in soil (push RAM through soil)

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21
Q

Zone of differentiation (maturation)

A

where older cells complete differentiation into distinct cell types

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22
Q

Where are the youngest cells during root growth?

A

Near the root tip

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23
Q

What does 1st degree root growth produce?

A

epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

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24
Q

Ground tissue (root system)`

A

mostly parenchyma cells - cortex

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25
Q

Cortex

A

region between vascular cylinder and epidermis

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26
Q

Function of the cortex

A

extracellular diffusion of water, minerals, and O2 from root hairs

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27
Q

Endodermis (root system)

A

innermost region of cortex

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28
Q

What does the endodermis surround

A

vascular cylinder

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29
Q

What does the endodermis function in?

A

regulating passage of substances from soil into vascular system

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30
Q

Eudicot root structure

A
  1. Dermal Tissue System
  2. Ground Tissue System
  3. Vascular Tissue System
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31
Q

Dermal Tissue System (Eudicot root structue)

A

Epidermis

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32
Q

Ground Tissue System (Eudicot root structue)

A
  1. cortex (contains starch grains - purple)

2. endodermis (surrounds vascular cylinder/column)

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33
Q

Vascular Tissue System (Eudicot root structue)

A
  1. Pericycle
  2. Xylem Tissue
  3. Phloem Tissue
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34
Q

Pericycle (vascular tissue system)

A

production of lateral roots

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35
Q

Xylem tissue (vascular tissue system)

A

conducts water

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36
Q

Phloem tissue (vascular tissue system)

A

conducts photosynthates (between the ‘arms’)

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37
Q

Dermal Tissue System (monocot root structure)

A

Epidermis

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38
Q

Ground Tissue System (monocot root structure)

A

Cortex, endodermis, and pith

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39
Q

Vascular tissue system (monocot root structure)

A
  1. vascular cylinder
  2. pericycle
    xylem and phloem for rings around core of parenchyma cells (pith)
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40
Q

pericycle

A

outermost cell layer of vascular cylinder just inside endodermis

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41
Q

SAM

A

dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at shoot tip

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42
Q

Leaf primordia

A

site of leaf development

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43
Q

When does leaf primordia take place?

A

during SAM

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44
Q

What happens during leaf primordia

A

within buds, young leaves are close together. Shoot elongation results from lengthening of internodes

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45
Q

Apical dominance

A

Axillary buds remain dormant due to inhibition by apical bud

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46
Q

What does branching result from?

A

releasing apical dominance (pruning/herbivory)

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47
Q

What does 1st degree growth in shoots give rise to?

A

dermal, ground, and vascular tissues

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48
Q

In stems, vascular tissues are…

A

grouped into vascular bundles that run length of stem

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49
Q

Dermal Tissue System in primary shoot system in eudicots

A

epidermis

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50
Q

Ground tissue system in primary shoot system in eudicots

A
  1. pith
  2. cortex
  3. mostly parenchyma cells
  4. collenchyma cells below epidermis
  5. sclerenchyma cells
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51
Q

Pith in ground tissue system of eudicot shoot

A

in center

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52
Q

cortex in ground tissue system of eudicot shoot

A

external to vascular tissue

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53
Q

Collenchyma cells below epidermis

A

provide strength during growth

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54
Q

Sclerenchyma cells in eudicot shoot system

A

provide strength to stems no longer elongating

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55
Q

Vascular tissue system in eudicot shoot system

A

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

  • xylem
  • phloem
  • vascular cambium
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56
Q

Dermal tissue system in monocot stem

A

epidermis

57
Q

Ground tissue system in monocot stem

A
  • no formal cortex

- similar to dicots (regarding tissue/cell types)

58
Q

Vascular tissue system in monocot stem structure

A

vascular bundles scattered throughout stem

59
Q

Dermal tissue system in leaves

A
  • epidermis (covered by cuticle)

- guard cells (surround opening called stomata - for gas exchange)

60
Q

Ground tissue system in eudicot leaf structure

A
  1. Mesophyll (middle leaf)
  2. Palisade mesophyll
  3. Spongy mesophyll
61
Q

Mesophyll (ground tissue system in eudicot leaf structure)

A

made up of parenchyma cells that function in photosynthesis

62
Q

Palisade mesophyll (ground tissue system in eudicot leaf structure)

A

elongated parenchyma cells on upper part of leaf

63
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

loosely arranged parenchyma cells with air spaces for gas exchange

64
Q

Ground tissue in monocot leaf structure

A

only spongy mesophyll

65
Q

Vascular tissue system of leaves

A

continuous with that of stem

  • xylem
  • phloem
  • veins enclosed by bundle of sheath
66
Q

Xylem of leaves

A

brings H2O in for psyn

67
Q

Phloem of leaves

A

transports photosynthates to other parts of plant

68
Q

Veins enclosed by bundle sheath does what?

A

regulates movement of substances between vascular tissue and mesophyll

69
Q

Vascular system of eudicots

A

have net venation

70
Q

Vascular system of monocots

A

have parallel venation

71
Q

What does secondary growth increase?

A

the width of the plant body via lateral meristems

72
Q

What do lateral meristems/secondary growth function in?

A

increasing the amount of conducting tissue available and provides structural support for extensive primary growth

73
Q

What does secondary growth produce

A

wood

74
Q

Where does secondary growth occur

A

in species that have a cambium in addition to apical meristems

75
Q

Cambium (secondary meristem/lateral meristem)

A
  1. made of thin layers of meristematic cells that form cylinders that run the length of a root or stem
  2. can divide to increase width of roots and shoots
  3. two types (vascular and cork)
76
Q

Apical meristem (first degree growth)

A
  1. form dome-shaped cell clusters localized in root and shoot tips
  2. cells divide to extend root and shoot tips
  3. two locations: root tips (RAM) and shoot tips (SAM)
77
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  1. produces secondary phloem to the outside

2. produces secondary xylem to the inside

78
Q

Initials oriented perpendicular to the stem/root produce…

A

vascular rays

79
Q

Vascular rays

A

connect secondary xylem and phloem

80
Q

Do we observe second degree growth in monocots?

A

No

81
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Plants never stop growing

82
Q

Plant hierarchial organization

A

system
organs
tissues systems/tissues
cells

83
Q

Shoot system

A

stems and leaves (organs)

84
Q

Root system

A

Roots (organ)

85
Q

Characteristics of root system

A
  1. underground
  2. anchor plant to soil
  3. absorb water and minerals from soil
  4. conducts water and minerals to shoot
  5. stores carbohydrates and other reserves
86
Q

Characteristics of shoot system

A
  1. above ground biomass
  2. harvests light and carbon dioxide to produce sugars
  3. elevate reproductive organs
  4. exports photosynthates (sugar and other carbohydrates) to root system
87
Q

Characteristics of leaves

A
  1. vast majority of photosythesis occurs here
  2. exchange gases with atmosphere
  3. dissipate heat
  4. defend against herbivores and pathogens
88
Q

How do roots rely on the shoot system?

A

they rely on sugar produced via photosynthesis in shoot system

89
Q

How do shoots rely on the shoot system?

A

they rely on water and minerals absorbed by the root system

90
Q

Primary root (first root)

A

emerges from seed embryo

91
Q

Lateral branches

A

extend from primary root (increase ability to anchor/aquire nutrients)

92
Q

Root hairs on elongating roots

A

increase root surface area and are primary site of nutrient absorption

93
Q

Where are root hairs found?

A

on the tip of the root

94
Q

Where does most absorption take place?

A

Tip of the root

95
Q

Taproot system

A
  1. primary root becomes taproot
  2. prevents toppling over
  3. absorption is primarily funcion of lateral roots
96
Q

Where are taproots often seen?

A

In dicots

97
Q

Fibrous root system

A

primary root dies early and does not form a taproot

98
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Many small roots emerge from stem (part of fibrous root system)

99
Q

Where is the fibrous root system often seen?

A

in monocots

100
Q

What are root systems of different plants…

A

are adapted to environment and minimize competition

101
Q

What can roots change in response to?

A

environmental conditions

102
Q

Major organs of the shoot system

A

stems and leaves

103
Q

What does the stem consist of?

A

nodes and internodes

104
Q

Apical buds

A

elongate stems

105
Q

Axillary buds

A

develop branching

106
Q

What do shoot systems do?

A

adapt to the environment and minimize competition

107
Q

What happens if you remove a terminal/apical bud?

A

apical dominance (lateral branches begin to grow)

108
Q

Blade

A

wide, expanded, flat portion of the leaf

109
Q

Petiole

A

the stalk of the leaf that joins leaf to stem

110
Q

All organs are made up of _____ that form ______.

A

tissues; tissues system

111
Q

Tissue type to dermal tissue system

A

epidermis

112
Q

Tissue types of vascular tissue system

A

xylem and phloem

113
Q

Tissue types to ground tissue system

A

parnchyme, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

114
Q

Functions of the dermal tissue system

A

to protect the plant from water loss, disease, and herbivores

115
Q

What is the dermal tissue system made up of?

A

Epidermal tissue

116
Q

What cell types does the epidermal tissue contain?

A

Epidermal cells, guard cells (surround stomata), trichomes

117
Q

Epidermal cells

A

secrete the cuticle that covers the shoot system, protectsleaves, and reduces water loss

118
Q

Stomata

A

allow carbon dioxide to ender photosynthetically active tissues

119
Q

What does the stomata consist of?

A

two guard cells which change shape to open or close the pore

120
Q

Trichomes

A

protective hairlike structures made up of specialized epidermal cells

121
Q

Funcions of the vascular tissue system

A

support and long distance transport of water and nutrients

122
Q

What is the vascular tissue system collectively called?

A

the stele (or vascular cylinder/column)

123
Q

Xylem tissue

A

contain tracheids and vessel elements

124
Q

Phloem tissue

A

contain sieve-tube elements and companion cells

125
Q

What does xylem tissue do?

A

conduct water and nutrients from root to shoot (also side to side)

126
Q

All xylem cells are…

A

dead at maturity and filled with fluid instead of cytoplasm

127
Q

Xylem cells - tracheids

A
  • long and slender
  • tapered ends
  • water moves through pits
  • spindle shaped
128
Q

Xylem cells - vessel elements

A
  • short and wide
  • aligned end to end (joined at perforation plate)
  • water flows through perforation plates (and pits)
129
Q

What does phloem tissue do?

A

conduct sugars (photosynthates) throughout plant body (not uniderectional like xylem)

130
Q

Phloem cells are…

A

alive at maturity

131
Q

Phloem cells - sieve tube elements (members)

A
  1. long, thin cells
  2. no nuclei and most other organelles (easier to transport nutrients…)
  3. sugars and nutrients transported from cell to cell through sieve plates
132
Q

Phloem cells - companion cells

A
  1. don’t conduct material
  2. assist with loading and unloading carbohydrates and nutrients from solution inside sieve tube members
  3. their organelles serve the sieve-tube members as well
133
Q

Functions of the ground tissue system

A

photosynthesis, carbohydrate storage, support, and short-distance transport

134
Q

Parenchyma cells

A
  1. thin primary cell walls
  2. primary site of photosythesis (leaves)
  3. store starch (roots)
  4. mature cells are alive and still able to divide (wound repair)
135
Q

Collenchyma cells

A
  1. thickness of primar cell wall varies (some area of secondary wall thickening)
  2. can elongate even when mature (are alive)
  3. Funcion in “flexible” support (grouped in strands)
  4. Found in elongating stems andn petioles of leaves
136
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A
  1. thin primary wall
  2. can’t elongate
  3. funcion in support (many dead at maturity)
  4. produce thick secondary cell wall containing lignin
137
Q

Two types of sclerenchyma cells

A

fibers, sclereids

138
Q

Fibers

A

extremely elongated for support

139
Q

Sclereids

A

relatively short for protection

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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