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blood bank > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the A, B, and O blood groups?

a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel

A

B

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2
Q

who’s work led to the establishment of blood banks?

a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel

A

D

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3
Q

Who discovered the AB blood group?

a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel

A

C

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4
Q 
Who discovered the
circulation of blood?
a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel
A

A

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5
Q

(T/F) Mendel’s Law of Genetics applies to all sexually

reproducing diploid organisms

A

true

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6
Q

Who’s work on ABO group distribution lead to the discovery of population genetics?

a. Mendel
b. Hardy and Weinberg
c. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld

A

C

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7
Q

____ is the study of gene distribution by looking at how the genotypes and frequency of the genes are maintained or changed

A

Population Genetics

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8
Q

(T/F) Change in frequencies per blood group system are frequent over a few generations

A

false

they are rare

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9
Q

which of the ff is not a main cause for gene frequency change?

a. Mutation
b. Natural selection
c. Genetic drift
d. Linkage equilibrium

A

none of the above :)

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10
Q

___ is the change in the hereditary material

A

Mutation

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11
Q

___ a type of mutation where individual gene by substitution or alteration of single nucleotide pairs in the DNA

A

point mutation

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12
Q

___ a type of mutation that includes deletion and inversion of genes

A

Chromosomal

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13
Q

___ is a changed gene appears in significant numbers in a population. The change results in an advantage over the carriers of the unchanged gene

A

Natural Selection

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14
Q

(T/F) in a Genetic Drift, if the population remains small a drift of gene frequency will occur compared to the larger population of their origin

A

true

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15
Q

(T/F) in linkage equilibrium, a population disturbed by selection all possible combination of linked genes
should be present at equal frequencies

A

false

only applies when the population is UNdisturbed

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16
Q

____ are non-random

association of alleles at two or more loci

A

Linkage Disequilibrium

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17
Q

phenotype frequencies is determined by testing red blood cells (RBCs) from a large random sample of persons from a different ethnicity

A

false

in the same ethnicity

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18
Q

_, _, _, _, _ are the major Rh antigens

A

D, C and c, E and e

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19
Q

how many possible haplotypes are possible for the Rh blood group?

a. 5
b. 3
c. 8
d. 6

A

C

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20
Q

(T/F) D+ is the most common phenotype in the causcatian population

A

true

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21
Q

the scientists who noted the mechanism behind the disease hemolytic disease of the newborn

a. Landsteiner and Weiner
b. Levine and Stetson
c. Fisher-Race
d. Rosenfield

A

B

named the ab as anti-D

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22
Q

the most immunogenic antigen

a. A
b. B
c. O
d. D

A

D

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23
Q

(T/F) Anti-D will cause a hemolytic transfusion reaction if D+ blood is transfused to an individual who has D- RBCs in her/his circulation

A

true

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24
Q

(T/F) HDFN most likely to result from pregnancy if the fetus is D-

A

false

HDFN = baby is D+ and mom D- (will make ab)

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25
Q

which of the ff is most commonly used in identifying the blood group systems?

a. Weiner system
b. Fisher-Race
c. ISBT
d. Rosenfield

A

C

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26
Q

which of the ff is false?

a. DCe = R1
b. DcE = R2
c. DCE = RZ
d. DCE = R0

A

D

0 = ce
z = CE
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27
Q

which of the ff is false?

a. dCe = r’
b. dcE = r’’
c. dCE = ry
d. dce = r

A

none :)

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28
Q
  • in which chromosome is the Rh genes located?
    a. 9
    b. 12
    c. 1
    d. 6
A

C

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29
Q

____ the gene that encodes protein that carries the major antigen D

A

RHD

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30
Q

_____ the gene that encodes protein that carries the CcEe antigens

A

RHCE

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31
Q

___ the gene that encodes Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG)

A

RHAG

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32
Q

(T/F) Rh antigens like the ABO antigens, are are found on other cells

A

false

on RBCs only

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33
Q

(T/F) the RHD and RHCE genes are closely linked and are almost identical

A

true

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34
Q

RHAG is required for the Rh antigen to be expressed as is said to be a ___

A

coexpressor

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35
Q

(T/F) the lack of RHAG leads to an Rh null phenotype

A

true

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36
Q

(T/F) D neg individuals are always transfused with D neg blood to avoid immunization

A

true

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37
Q

*____ a mechanism for weak D phenotye; when the D gene codes for fewer antigenic sites

A

genetic weak D

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38
Q

*____ a mechanism for weak D phenotye; when C is in trans w/ respect to D (Dce/dCE)

A

Position/gene interaction effect

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39
Q

*(T/F) Weak D phenotype is considered D+ as a recepient but D- as a donor

A

false

D+ as both donor and recepient

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40
Q

____ when the D antigen is a mosaic where RBCs type D+ with some reagents and not with others

A

Partial D phenotype

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41
Q

(T/F) individuals with partial D phenotype may make anti-D if transfused with D+ RBCs or in response to pregnancy

A

true

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42
Q

which of the ff class of antibodies does Rh ab belong to?

a. IgG
b. IgA
c. IgM
d. IgE

A

A

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43
Q

___ the method used to detect IgG ab

A

IAT - indirect antiglobulin test

enzymes used: papain, ficin

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44
Q

(T/F) Rh ab can activate complement response

A

false

it does not!

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45
Q

(T/F) the D antigen is well developed at birth

A

true

46
Q

*(T/F) D negative individuals are nearly always given D negative RBCs regardless of whether they have anti-D or not

A

true

47
Q
  • in which chromosome is the ABO genes located?
    a. 9
    b. 19
    c. 1
    d. 6
A

A

48
Q

(T/F) ABO antigens are proteins while the antibodies are carbohydrates

A

false

ag = carb
ab = protein
49
Q

(T/F) ABO ag are defined serologically by an alloantibody

A

true

50
Q

(T/F) the development of ABO is a result of the interactions between 2 genes : ABO and Hh

A

false

3 genes = ABO, Hh and secretor (Se)

51
Q

the gene that codes for the enzyme α-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene

A

B

52
Q

the gene that codes for the enzyme α-3-D-galactosyltransferase

a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene

A

C

53
Q

which of the ff has the highest amount of H antigent present in the cells?

a. A2
b. A1B
c. B
d. O

A

D

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

54
Q

how many possible genotypes can the ABO genes produce?

a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 4

A

C

55
Q

(T/F) ABO antigens are found on the membranes of most cells of the body and in secretions

A

true

56
Q

the gene that codes for the enzyme α-2-L-fucosyltransferase

a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene

A

A

57
Q

(T/F) ABO antigens are fully developed at birth

A

false

develops around 3-6 mos

58
Q
  • in which chromosome is the H gene located?
    a. 9
    b. 19
    c. 1
    d. 6
A

B

59
Q

(T/F) the H antigen is inherited independent of the

ABO antigens

A

true

60
Q

which of the ff class of antibodies does ABO ab belong to?

a. IgG
b. IgA
c. IgM
d. IgE

A

C

61
Q

*(T/F) the ABO ab reacts at warm temperatures

A

false

in cold temp!

62
Q

___ typing of RBC

A

Forward/Front/Cell

typing

63
Q

____ Typing of plasma/serum

A

Reverse/back typing

64
Q

___ anti-A reagent that classifies the A subtype

A

Dolichos biflorus (Lectin)

65
Q

which of the ff is false about the bombay phenotype?
a. RBCs forward type as group O
b. anti-A, -B, - A,B and –H are present
in the plasma/serum
c. inherits the Hh gene
d. does not have the substrate for ABO genes

A

C

inherits hh gene

66
Q

(T/F) Bombay individuals can only receive blood from

another person with the Bombay phenotype

A

true

67
Q

which of the ff is not a possible source of ABO discrepancies?

a. unexpected ab are present in plasma
b. missing antigens in cells
c. cross reaction with new antigens
d. modification of antigens by bacterial enzymes

A

none :)

all are sources of discrepancies

68
Q

which of the ff is false?
a. there are four basic transmission patterns
b. a phenotype appears in every generation in an autosomal dominant inheritance
c. 25% of siblings are affected in a autosomal recessive
inheritance
d. Females & males are likely to be equally
affected in an X-linked inheritance

A

D

X-linked = males only
autosomal = males and females, equal
69
Q

(T/F) in an autosomal dominant inheritance, 50% of the affected person’s offspring have the characteristic

A

true

70
Q

(T/F) in an autosomal recessive inheritance, a trait is seen in siblings, parents and other relatives

A

false

siblings only, not in parents or other relative

71
Q

which of the ff is NOT true?

a. A much higher incidence of the X-linked recessive trait is seen in males
b. Sons of affected males do not inherit the X-linked trait
c. Carrier females transmit the X-linked recessive trait to all their daughters
d. X-linked inheritance are determined by genes on the X chromosome

A

C

transmitted to 50% of daughters and 50% of sons

72
Q

_____ the study of the structure, hereditary

transmission and variation at the molecular level

A

molecular genetics

73
Q

____ alleles from a group of closely linked genes that are inherited together

A

Haplotype

74
Q

____ traits of both alleles are expressed but the effect of one allele is stronger

A

Incomplete dominance

75
Q

(T/F) acquired immunity is the body’s 3rd line of defense

A

true

76
Q

which of the ff is false about the fc (constant) region of Igs?

a. involved in complement activation
b. IgE and IgMs are most impt in BB
c. binding site for macs and monos
d. all have kappa or lambda light chains

A

B

IgG, IgM and IgA are most impt

77
Q

which of the ff is false?

a. IgMs bind at body temp
b. IgGs are involved in extravascular hemolysis
c. IgM are involved in intravascular hemolysis
d. IgGs have 2 Fab sites

A

A

IgM = ambient or cold temp
IgG = body temp
78
Q

which of the ff is false?
a. primary ab produces small
amount of antibody
b. primary ab response requires large ag dose
c. secondary ab response requires large ag dose
d. secondary ab response produces large amount of ab

A

C

1 = large ag dose
2 = small ag dose
79
Q

(T/F) primary and secondary ab response produces both IgM and IgG

A

false

1 = IgM and IgG
2 = mostly IgG
80
Q

______ Measurement of electrostatic repulsion between red cells

A

Zeta Potential

81
Q

(T/F) the smaller the zeta potential the greater the agglutination of RBCs

A

true

82
Q

(T/F) anti-A ab are IgMs while anti-D are IgGs

A

true

83
Q

which of the complement system pathways is activated by ab bound to RBCs?

a. Classical pathway
b. Lectin pathway
c. Alternative pathway

A

A

84
Q

which of the complement system pathways involves the innate immunity?

a. Classical pathway
b. Lectin pathway
c. Alternative pathway

A

C

85
Q

____ is the product of a gene; the physical expression of a gene

A

phenotype

86
Q

___ the inheritance of two identical alleles

A

homozygous

87
Q

______ genes that hasveno detectable effect except when present in the homozygous

A

Amorph or silent gene

88
Q

_____ are alleles from a group of closely linked genes that are inherited together

A

Haplotype

89
Q

(T/F) the inherited trait can be expressed codominantly whether the allele is
heterozygous or homozygous

A

true

90
Q

_____the study of/defines antigens by their specific antibodies

A

immunology

91
Q

____ the region in an immunoglobulin that binds to the antigens

A

Fragment antigen binding site (Fab)

92
Q

(T/F)The greatest number of D antigen sites are on cells of the rare Rh phenotype D–

A

true

93
Q

(T/F) R2R2 cells possess the largest number of D antigen sites

A

true

94
Q

(T/F) during sensitization, IgG Rh antibodies are formed initially, followed by a transition to IgM

A

false

IgM first, then IgG. think about prim and secondary immune response

95
Q

(T/F) The A gene tends to elicit higher concentrations of transferase than the B gene

A

true

96
Q

(T/F) L-fucose must be formed for the other sugars (of other blood groups) to be attached

A

true

97
Q

(T/F) inheritance of hh genes still leads to the addition of L-fucose to the type 2 chain but no H substance is express in the cells

A

false

*hh= no enzyme = no L-fucose = no H substance

98
Q

____ is the enzyme encoded by the amorph O gene

A

O-transferase

99
Q

(T/F) Inheritance of an A2 gene
elicits production of HIGH concentrations of the enzyme -3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, which converts almost all of the H precursor structure to A1 antigens on the RBCs.

A

false

this applies to A1

100
Q

(T/F) the bombay anti-H is an IgM antibody

A

true

101
Q

(T/F) the bombay anti-H is an IgG antibody

A

false

102
Q

(T/F) Rh system it is a non glycosylated protien (no carbs attached)

A

true

103
Q

(T/F) soluble antigens are found in secretions and are mainly in glycoprotein form

A

true

104
Q

(T/F) the RHD and RHCE genes encode for proteins that carry thier respective antigens

A

true

105
Q

(T/F) ppl with Rh(mod) genes have greatly amounts of Rh antigens

A

false

greatly REDUCED Rh antigens

106
Q

_____ are enzymes that are used to greatly enhance the detection of IgGs in IAT

A

ficin, papain

107
Q

____ an example of extravascular destruction caused by IgGs crossing the placenta

A

hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)

108
Q

which of the ff is not a function of the complement system?

a. cell lysis
b. antigen clearance
c. vasoconstriction
d. opsonization
e. promote plt aggregation

A

C

vasodilation

109
Q

which of the ff does not a factor that affects agglutination reactions?

a. zeta potential
b. antibody class and concentration
c. antigen density and concentration
d. temperature

A

D

temp, ionic strength and pH affect sensitization

110
Q

_____ aka B-cell immunity

A

humoral immunity

blood bank (10 decks)

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