exam 1 Flashcards
Who discovered the A, B, and O blood groups?
a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel
B
who’s work led to the establishment of blood banks?
a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel
D
Who discovered the AB blood group?
a. William Harvey 1628
b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901
c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902
d. Charles Drew
e. Gregor Mendel
C
Who discovered the circulation of blood? a. William Harvey 1628 b. Karl Landsteiner in 1901 c. Decastello and Sturli in 1902 d. Charles Drew e. Gregor Mendel
A
(T/F) Mendel’s Law of Genetics applies to all sexually
reproducing diploid organisms
true
Who’s work on ABO group distribution lead to the discovery of population genetics?
a. Mendel
b. Hardy and Weinberg
c. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld
C
____ is the study of gene distribution by looking at how the genotypes and frequency of the genes are maintained or changed
Population Genetics
(T/F) Change in frequencies per blood group system are frequent over a few generations
false
they are rare
which of the ff is not a main cause for gene frequency change?
a. Mutation
b. Natural selection
c. Genetic drift
d. Linkage equilibrium
none of the above :)
___ is the change in the hereditary material
Mutation
___ a type of mutation where individual gene by substitution or alteration of single nucleotide pairs in the DNA
point mutation
___ a type of mutation that includes deletion and inversion of genes
Chromosomal
___ is a changed gene appears in significant numbers in a population. The change results in an advantage over the carriers of the unchanged gene
Natural Selection
(T/F) in a Genetic Drift, if the population remains small a drift of gene frequency will occur compared to the larger population of their origin
true
(T/F) in linkage equilibrium, a population disturbed by selection all possible combination of linked genes
should be present at equal frequencies
false
only applies when the population is UNdisturbed
____ are non-random
association of alleles at two or more loci
Linkage Disequilibrium
phenotype frequencies is determined by testing red blood cells (RBCs) from a large random sample of persons from a different ethnicity
false
in the same ethnicity
_, _, _, _, _ are the major Rh antigens
D, C and c, E and e
how many possible haplotypes are possible for the Rh blood group?
a. 5
b. 3
c. 8
d. 6
C
(T/F) D+ is the most common phenotype in the causcatian population
true
the scientists who noted the mechanism behind the disease hemolytic disease of the newborn
a. Landsteiner and Weiner
b. Levine and Stetson
c. Fisher-Race
d. Rosenfield
B
named the ab as anti-D
the most immunogenic antigen
a. A
b. B
c. O
d. D
D
(T/F) Anti-D will cause a hemolytic transfusion reaction if D+ blood is transfused to an individual who has D- RBCs in her/his circulation
true
(T/F) HDFN most likely to result from pregnancy if the fetus is D-
false
HDFN = baby is D+ and mom D- (will make ab)
which of the ff is most commonly used in identifying the blood group systems?
a. Weiner system
b. Fisher-Race
c. ISBT
d. Rosenfield
C
which of the ff is false?
a. DCe = R1
b. DcE = R2
c. DCE = RZ
d. DCE = R0
D
0 = ce z = CE
which of the ff is false?
a. dCe = r’
b. dcE = r’’
c. dCE = ry
d. dce = r
none :)
- in which chromosome is the Rh genes located?
a. 9
b. 12
c. 1
d. 6
C
____ the gene that encodes protein that carries the major antigen D
RHD
_____ the gene that encodes protein that carries the CcEe antigens
RHCE
___ the gene that encodes Rh-associated glycoprotein (RhAG)
RHAG
(T/F) Rh antigens like the ABO antigens, are are found on other cells
false
on RBCs only
(T/F) the RHD and RHCE genes are closely linked and are almost identical
true
RHAG is required for the Rh antigen to be expressed as is said to be a ___
coexpressor
(T/F) the lack of RHAG leads to an Rh null phenotype
true
(T/F) D neg individuals are always transfused with D neg blood to avoid immunization
true
*____ a mechanism for weak D phenotye; when the D gene codes for fewer antigenic sites
genetic weak D
*____ a mechanism for weak D phenotye; when C is in trans w/ respect to D (Dce/dCE)
Position/gene interaction effect
*(T/F) Weak D phenotype is considered D+ as a recepient but D- as a donor
false
D+ as both donor and recepient
____ when the D antigen is a mosaic where RBCs type D+ with some reagents and not with others
Partial D phenotype
(T/F) individuals with partial D phenotype may make anti-D if transfused with D+ RBCs or in response to pregnancy
true
which of the ff class of antibodies does Rh ab belong to?
a. IgG
b. IgA
c. IgM
d. IgE
A
___ the method used to detect IgG ab
IAT - indirect antiglobulin test
enzymes used: papain, ficin
(T/F) Rh ab can activate complement response
false
it does not!
(T/F) the D antigen is well developed at birth
true
*(T/F) D negative individuals are nearly always given D negative RBCs regardless of whether they have anti-D or not
true
- in which chromosome is the ABO genes located?
a. 9
b. 19
c. 1
d. 6
A
(T/F) ABO antigens are proteins while the antibodies are carbohydrates
false
ag = carb ab = protein
(T/F) ABO ag are defined serologically by an alloantibody
true
(T/F) the development of ABO is a result of the interactions between 2 genes : ABO and Hh
false
3 genes = ABO, Hh and secretor (Se)
the gene that codes for the enzyme α-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene
B
the gene that codes for the enzyme α-3-D-galactosyltransferase
a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene
C
which of the ff has the highest amount of H antigent present in the cells?
a. A2
b. A1B
c. B
d. O
D
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
how many possible genotypes can the ABO genes produce?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 6
d. 4
C
(T/F) ABO antigens are found on the membranes of most cells of the body and in secretions
true
the gene that codes for the enzyme α-2-L-fucosyltransferase
a. H gene
b. A gene
c. B gene
d. O gene
A
(T/F) ABO antigens are fully developed at birth
false
develops around 3-6 mos
- in which chromosome is the H gene located?
a. 9
b. 19
c. 1
d. 6
B
(T/F) the H antigen is inherited independent of the
ABO antigens
true
which of the ff class of antibodies does ABO ab belong to?
a. IgG
b. IgA
c. IgM
d. IgE
C
*(T/F) the ABO ab reacts at warm temperatures
false
in cold temp!
___ typing of RBC
Forward/Front/Cell
typing
____ Typing of plasma/serum
Reverse/back typing
___ anti-A reagent that classifies the A subtype
Dolichos biflorus (Lectin)
which of the ff is false about the bombay phenotype?
a. RBCs forward type as group O
b. anti-A, -B, - A,B and –H are present
in the plasma/serum
c. inherits the Hh gene
d. does not have the substrate for ABO genes
C
inherits hh gene
(T/F) Bombay individuals can only receive blood from
another person with the Bombay phenotype
true
which of the ff is not a possible source of ABO discrepancies?
a. unexpected ab are present in plasma
b. missing antigens in cells
c. cross reaction with new antigens
d. modification of antigens by bacterial enzymes
none :)
all are sources of discrepancies
which of the ff is false?
a. there are four basic transmission patterns
b. a phenotype appears in every generation in an autosomal dominant inheritance
c. 25% of siblings are affected in a autosomal recessive
inheritance
d. Females & males are likely to be equally
affected in an X-linked inheritance
D
X-linked = males only autosomal = males and females, equal
(T/F) in an autosomal dominant inheritance, 50% of the affected person’s offspring have the characteristic
true
(T/F) in an autosomal recessive inheritance, a trait is seen in siblings, parents and other relatives
false
siblings only, not in parents or other relative
which of the ff is NOT true?
a. A much higher incidence of the X-linked recessive trait is seen in males
b. Sons of affected males do not inherit the X-linked trait
c. Carrier females transmit the X-linked recessive trait to all their daughters
d. X-linked inheritance are determined by genes on the X chromosome
C
transmitted to 50% of daughters and 50% of sons
_____ the study of the structure, hereditary
transmission and variation at the molecular level
molecular genetics
____ alleles from a group of closely linked genes that are inherited together
Haplotype
____ traits of both alleles are expressed but the effect of one allele is stronger
Incomplete dominance
(T/F) acquired immunity is the body’s 3rd line of defense
true
which of the ff is false about the fc (constant) region of Igs?
a. involved in complement activation
b. IgE and IgMs are most impt in BB
c. binding site for macs and monos
d. all have kappa or lambda light chains
B
IgG, IgM and IgA are most impt
which of the ff is false?
a. IgMs bind at body temp
b. IgGs are involved in extravascular hemolysis
c. IgM are involved in intravascular hemolysis
d. IgGs have 2 Fab sites
A
IgM = ambient or cold temp IgG = body temp
which of the ff is false?
a. primary ab produces small
amount of antibody
b. primary ab response requires large ag dose
c. secondary ab response requires large ag dose
d. secondary ab response produces large amount of ab
C
1 = large ag dose 2 = small ag dose
(T/F) primary and secondary ab response produces both IgM and IgG
false
1 = IgM and IgG 2 = mostly IgG
______ Measurement of electrostatic repulsion between red cells
Zeta Potential
(T/F) the smaller the zeta potential the greater the agglutination of RBCs
true
(T/F) anti-A ab are IgMs while anti-D are IgGs
true
which of the complement system pathways is activated by ab bound to RBCs?
a. Classical pathway
b. Lectin pathway
c. Alternative pathway
A
which of the complement system pathways involves the innate immunity?
a. Classical pathway
b. Lectin pathway
c. Alternative pathway
C
____ is the product of a gene; the physical expression of a gene
phenotype
___ the inheritance of two identical alleles
homozygous
______ genes that hasveno detectable effect except when present in the homozygous
Amorph or silent gene
_____ are alleles from a group of closely linked genes that are inherited together
Haplotype
(T/F) the inherited trait can be expressed codominantly whether the allele is
heterozygous or homozygous
true
_____the study of/defines antigens by their specific antibodies
immunology
____ the region in an immunoglobulin that binds to the antigens
Fragment antigen binding site (Fab)
(T/F)The greatest number of D antigen sites are on cells of the rare Rh phenotype D–
true
(T/F) R2R2 cells possess the largest number of D antigen sites
true
(T/F) during sensitization, IgG Rh antibodies are formed initially, followed by a transition to IgM
false
IgM first, then IgG. think about prim and secondary immune response
(T/F) The A gene tends to elicit higher concentrations of transferase than the B gene
true
(T/F) L-fucose must be formed for the other sugars (of other blood groups) to be attached
true
(T/F) inheritance of hh genes still leads to the addition of L-fucose to the type 2 chain but no H substance is express in the cells
false
*hh= no enzyme = no L-fucose = no H substance
____ is the enzyme encoded by the amorph O gene
O-transferase
(T/F) Inheritance of an A2 gene
elicits production of HIGH concentrations of the enzyme -3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, which converts almost all of the H precursor structure to A1 antigens on the RBCs.
false
this applies to A1
(T/F) the bombay anti-H is an IgM antibody
true
(T/F) the bombay anti-H is an IgG antibody
false
(T/F) Rh system it is a non glycosylated protien (no carbs attached)
true
(T/F) soluble antigens are found in secretions and are mainly in glycoprotein form
true
(T/F) the RHD and RHCE genes encode for proteins that carry thier respective antigens
true
(T/F) ppl with Rh(mod) genes have greatly amounts of Rh antigens
false
greatly REDUCED Rh antigens
_____ are enzymes that are used to greatly enhance the detection of IgGs in IAT
ficin, papain
____ an example of extravascular destruction caused by IgGs crossing the placenta
hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
which of the ff is not a function of the complement system?
a. cell lysis
b. antigen clearance
c. vasoconstriction
d. opsonization
e. promote plt aggregation
C
vasodilation
which of the ff does not a factor that affects agglutination reactions?
a. zeta potential
b. antibody class and concentration
c. antigen density and concentration
d. temperature
D
temp, ionic strength and pH affect sensitization
_____ aka B-cell immunity
humoral immunity
