Exam 1 Flashcards
3 dimensions of temperament
- Positive affect and approach (joy)
- Fearful or inhibited
- Negative affect or irritability
Important considerations
Sex differences Socioeconomic status Race/Ethnicity Culture Child maltreatment and non-accidental trauma LGBT youth
How many children have mental health problems?
1 in 8
13% have diagnosed mental health problem
Causal factors
problems must be considered in relation to multiple levels of influence
What model portrays the child’s environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures?
The ecological model
Developmental tasks preschool (0-5)
attachment, language, differentiation of self from environment, eating, sleeping, toiling, selfceare skills, self control, peer relationships
Developmental tasks middle childhood (6-11)
self control, compliance, academic achievement, rules, rule-governed games, simple responsibilities, getting along with peers, school adjustment
developmental tasks adolescence (12-10)
transition to secondary schooling, academic achievement (skills for higher ed), involvement in extracurricular activities, relations with pop sex, personal identity, separation from family, increased responsibilities, cohesive sense of self
Self regulation
a balance between emotional reactivity and self control
- best formula for healthy adjustment
Classical conditioning
involves paired associations between previous neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
- Little Albert example
Integrative approach
- psychological
- biological
- family, social, and culture
Psychological perspectives
- Emotions
- Behaviors
- Cognitions
Youth exposure to violence is associated with
- Resilient outcomes
- Injury and death
- Academic difficulties
- Social difficulties
- Posttraumatic stress disorder
- Internalizing problems (anxiety and depression)
- Externalizing problems (oppositional and antisocial behavior)
Behavioral approach system (BAS)
Goal motivated behavior and positive affect in response to incentives Externalizing Problems: - Conduct Disorder - Substance Abuse - ADHD - Aggression
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
Inhibition, avoidance, anxiety, and arousal in response to cues of punishment or novelty
Internalizing Problems:
- Anxiety
- Depression
4 primary operant learning principles
- Extinction: slowly stopping reinforcement so the behavior just becomes natural, if neg behavior starts again reimplement some
- Punishment: something negative to reduce behavior
- Negative reinforcement: taking something away to increase desired behavior
- Positive reinforcement: award for deserved behavior
What concept states that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings such as child maltreatment?
Multifinality
What refers to weak or absent control structures?
Regulation
What indicates that existing control structures operate in a maladaptive way?
Dysregulation
Who was first to link mental disorders to early childhood experiences?
Freud
Many child and adolescent problems can best be described as…
a failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress
A central tenet for developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior we must consider?
what is normative for a given period of development
Questions about the nature and distribution of childhood disorders are frequently addressed through?
epidemiological research
These rates refer to the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified period of time..
incidence rates
