Chap 2

Question 1

adaptational failure

Answer 1

failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

the process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant individuals

Question 3

behavioral genetics

Answer 3

investigates connections between genetic predisposition and observed behavior
- more general way of looking at how genes are related

Question 4

brain circuits

Answer 4

paths from one part of the brain to another

Question 5

continuity

Answer 5

developmental changes are gradual and quantitative; predictive of future behavior patterns
- gradual small changes over time that are measurable

Question 6

cortisol

Answer 6

stress hormone

Question 7

developmental psychopathology

Answer 7

the study of abnormal behavior from a developmental perspective

Question 8

discontinuity

Answer 8

developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative; not predictive of future behavior patterns
- sudden or abrupt change in behavior, no gradual change

Question 9

emotion reactivity

Answer 9

individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience
- provide clues to an individuals level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.

Question 10

emotion regulation

Answer 10

involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal

• regulation (weak or absent control)
• dysregulation (maladaptive operation of existing control)

Question 11

etiology

Answer 11

how biological, psychological, and environmental processes interact to produce the outcomes observers over time.

Question 12

family systems

Answer 12

-The study of individual factors alongside the child’s context are mutually compatible and beneficial to both theory and intervention

Question 13

frontal lobes

Answer 13

contains functions underlying most of our thinking, reasoning abilities, including memory

Question 14

gene-environment interactions (GXE)

Answer 14

genetic and environmental influences

Question 15

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 15

has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person’s response to stress and ability to regulate emotions.​

Question 16

molecular genetics

Answer 16

Used to identify specific genes for childhood disorders

- actually looking at specific genes, much more detailed

Question 17

neural plasticity

Answer 17

the brain’s anatomical differentiation is use-dependent

Nature and nurture both contribute

Question 18

non-shared environment

Answer 18

environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings in the same family

Question 19

organization of development

Answer 19

Early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time

Question 20

sensitive periods

Answer 20

times during which environmental influences on development are enhanced

Question 21

shared environment

Answer 21

environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings in the same family

Question 22

social cognition

Answer 22

how children think about themselves and others, and how they interpret events and solve problems.

Question 23

social learning

Answer 23

• approach to study of behavior that’s interested in both overt behaviors and the role of cognitive mediators that may influence those behaviors

Question 24

temperament

Answer 24

a child’s organized style of behavior that appears early in development

• Shapes an individual’s approach to his or her environment and vice versa
• Precursor to personality