Exam 1 Flashcards
What are Grice’s relational maxiums? (four)
- quantity
- quality
- relations
- manner
What is Grice’s quantity maxium?
you are informative as is require. only give enuf info that’s necessary. not too much, not too little
What is Grice’s quality maxium?
should not say what you believe to be false and nothing you don’t have evidence for. truthful and accurate to your knowledge.
What is Grice’s relations maxium?
the way you communicate is relevant to what the other person said
What is Grice’s manner maxium?
avoid ambiguity, should be brief and clear to what you’re saying
What are the 3 assumptions of the Politeness Theory?
- All people have face wants (self image can only be satisfied by other ppl)
- It is in everyone’s best interest to cooperate in satisfying each other’s face needs
- ppl are rational, so they choose means that will satisfy their ends (aware ppl need to satisfy our face wants, so we do things to satisfy others so they can satisfy ours.)
What are the 2 kinds of “face” in the Politeness Theory?
- positive face
2. negative face
What is the Positive Face in Politeness Theory?
the want everyone has to be desired/wanted/approved. Enchances our positive face
What is the Negative Face in the Politeness Theory?
every person wants their actions to be unimpeded by others (want to act the way we choose, no interruptions)
What threatens the Positive Face and the Negative Face in the Politeness Theory?
FTA (face threatening acts)
- if there is a request made, negative face threatened (now have to do something, taking away freedom)
- criticisms threaten positive face (non-approval)
What degrees make the act more face-threatening in the Politeness Theory ?
- social distance : the closer you are w/ person, less FTA is considered.
- power or status of the listener relative to the speaker
- degree of what you’re requesting (ex. $5 vs $50)
What are some Politeness/Languages strategies for face-threatening requests in the Politeness Theory?
(most polite –> least polite)
- don’t make the request at all
- off record (hinting)
- negative face strategy
- positive face strategy
- bald on record strategy
What is the off record strategy in Politeness Theory?
“hinting” but not explicitly making the request
What is the Negative Face Strategy in Politeness Theory?
appeal to desire to have their autonomy, “I know you’re really busy but
What is the Positive Face Strategy in Politeness Theory?
appeal to their desire for their approval, “you’re my best friend and I would really appreciate if you would…”
What is the Bald on Record Strategy in Politeness Theory?
no desire to enhance face of other, “take me to the airport”
What are the 3 dimensions that ppl naturally judge messages with?
- explicitness - makes wishes transparent
- dominance - power/control expressed
- argument - is there rationale?
What are Equivocal Messages?
(being around the bush) it is: -vague -ambiguous -"did she really mean that?" -multiple interpretations to what you say
Why do we use Equivocal Messages?
we want to avoid conflict. if we are explicit, we are likely to experience negative repercussions.
What are the Three Axioms (Or Assumptions) of Communication?
- one cannot not communicate
- relational and content component
- punctuation determines meaning
What is Relational Component in the 3 Axioms?
what are they additionally saying. Ex. “I can’t give you a ride to the airport.” Thoughts? “maybe i’m not important enough”?
What is Content Component? in the 3 Axioms?
The actual thing you are saying Ex. “I can’t give you a ride to the airport”. Thoughts? “I’m too busy to give them a ride to the airport”
What are some sources of data for Prediction Making?
- cultural level data
- sociological level data
- psychological level data
what is cultural level data when we make predictions?
norms
what is sociological level data in making predictions ?
make predictions based on the social statueses of their groups (ex. sports teams, etc.)
what is the psychological level data in making predictions?
very specific tendencies for that specific person for that person only
what is functional communication?
communication that helps us get our tasks done (ex. calendar planning)
what is nurturing communication?
communication that helps you take care of your relationship
what is relational culture
the shared meaning that separates your relationship from other relationships.
what are 4 gestures in nonverbal communication (NVC)
- emblems
- illustrators
- regulators
- adaptors
what is the emblem gesture in NVC
a NV act that has some sort of translation to a dictionary definition
what are illustrators in NVC?
a NV act that is tied to the verbal behavior (showing how big of a fish you caught). meaningless w/out the verbal communication.
what are regulators in NVC?
NV gestures that allow us to control verbal communication or aid in punctuation
what are adaptors in NVC?
unintentional gestures that are given off (playing w/ hair [self] or keys [external])
Explain Space/Proxemics
the amt of distance between 2 ppl highly correlates our relationship w/ that person
what are Hall’s 4 proxemic zones?
- intimate - physical contact up to 18in.
- personal - 18in - 4ft
- social distance - 4ft-12ft
- public distance - 12+ft
what are the 6 distinct facial expressions
- sadness
- joy
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
what is relational judgment?
making sense of where you stand in the relations. who has power, who doesn’t.
Name two relational frames
- affiliation
2. dominance
what is the affiliation relational frame?
getting along w/ ppl
what is the dominance relational frame?
getting ahead of ppl
what is the differential salience hypothesis
one frame becomes salient, the other gets pushed behind
what are the 3 goals for interpersonal behavior?
- love (affiliation)
- power (dominance)
- meaning (involvement)
what are the 4 relational models? are they universal?
Yes, they are universal.
- communal sharing - trust each other equally
- authority ranking - hierarchy
- equality matching - similar by equivalence, but different individuals
- market pricing - efficiency valued, buy/sell relationship
what is the unit of analysis for relational communication?
- act - the single message ppl look at
- interact - the things you say in return, interactions
- transactional - the relationship across time
what is social cognition
the processes of perception & judgment w/ which we make sense of our social worlds
what is communication competence
the ability of a person to interact appropriately and effectively w/ other ppl
what are some basic requirements for communication competence
- skills (behavior)
2. knowledge
elaborate further on the skills (behavior) necessary for communication competence
- decoding skills - ability to interpret diff social stimuli
- encoding - ability to translate goals into communication
- decision skills - search for and test responses appropriate for situation,. what is best in this situation to achieve the goal i want
elaborate further on the knowledge necessary for communication competence
- procedural knowledge - know what to do
- declarative knowledge - knowing what will happen
