Exam 1 Flashcards
The number of possible phylogenetic trees that you can have with 200 species is:
a) 200/2 = 100
b) 200
c) 200 × 2 = 400
d) Options a), b), or c) can be correct. It depends on the number of ancestors as explained in the video
.
e) None of the other options is correct.
The fossil record shows that the direct ancestor of Angiosperms and of Gymnosperms (plants with cones) was a:
a) Plant with flowers only
b) Plant with cones only
c) Plant with cones and flowers
d) Plant with long sporophylls that had seeds and was known as seed ferns
e) A fern with very big sporangia
d) Plant with long sporophylls that had seeds and was known as seed ferns
The scales of cones are:
a) Flowers that in the course of evolution became cones
b) Long sporophylls that reduced their length in the course of evolution
c) Long sporophylls that have maintained their length in the course of evolution
d) The fossil record supports hypotheses “a” and “b”
b) Long sporophylls that reduced their length in the course of evolution
Based on the information delivered in the lectures and as a follow-up question from a student, how many independent times have scales evolved in vertebrates?
a) 1
b) 2
c)3
d) 4
e) 5
b) 2
As a follow-up question from a student, Dr. Ortega discussed the evolution of limbs to swim in vertebrates. Based on this discussion, we can say that the modification of limbs to swim in the group of fish, some birds, and some mammals is an example of:
a) A reversal for fish
b) Homoplasy for these three kinds of animals
c) Synapomorphy only for fish, as this group is older than birds and mammals
d) The group of fish, some birds, and some mammals having a single direct common ancestor that also shares this modification of limbs as a synapomorphy
b) Homoplasy for these three kinds of animals
Fruits are:
a) Cones that in the course of evolution became fruits
b) Long sporophylls that folded in the course of evolution
c) Long sporophylls whose number of seeds increased in the course of evolution
d) The fossil record supports hypotheses “a”and “b”
b) Long sporophylls that folded in the course of evolution
Anthrax is a:
a) Bacteria
b) Virus
c) Chemical weapon
d) None of the other options are correct
a) Bacteria
True or False: Based on evidence presented during the lecture, is it feasible that a lethal biological agent can be intentionally released from a high-security microbiology lab?
a) True
b) False
a) True
The oldest fossil of ferns is 400,000,000 years old, the oldest fossil of Gymnosperms is 250,000,000 years old, and the oldest fossil of Angiosperms is 125,000,000 years old. Based on this information, our best estimate for the age of the ancestor of seed plants is at least:
a) 390,000,000 years old
b) 250,000,000 years old
c) 125,000,000 years old
d) None of the above, as we need to have more information regarding the age of the fossil of the outgroup
b) 250,000,000
(Look at image)
In the phylogeny of vertebrates shown in class and posted in the PowerPoint presentation, ______ and _____ are sister taxa:
a) Sharks / salamanders
b) Salamander / lizards
c) Tigers / humans
d) Options a), b), and c) are not correct
e) All other options are correct
d) Options a), b), and c) are not correct
In the cladogram of vertebrates, which of the following is a synapomorphy only for mammals?a) Hair
b) Lungs
c) Amniotic membrane
d) All of the other options are correct
a) Hair
____ and ____ are sister taxa:
a) Ferns / Angiosperms
b) Ferns / Gymnosperms
c) Ferns / [seed plants (= Angiosperms and Gymnosperms clade)]
d) All other options are correct
e) Options “a” and “b” are correct
c) Ferns / [seed plants (= Angiosperms and Gymnosperms clade)]
Lamprey is __________ in the cladogram of vertebrates:
a) The outgroup
b) A synapomorphy
c) A terrestrial vertebrate
d) None of these other options is correct
a) The outgroup
Whales (Cetaceans) and manatees are the only known examples of fully marine mammals. Their evolutionary history represents a case of:
a) Evolutionary Reversal
b) Convergent Evolution
c) Homoplasy
d) Only a) and c) are correct
e) All other options are correct
e) All other options are correct
Lack of limbs in snakes is:
a) A reversal
b) A synapomorphy
c) An example of homoplasy
d) Only options a) and c) are correct
e) Options a), b), and c) are correct
e) Options a), b), and c) are correct
The largest flower of any plant in the world is found in the family Rafflesiaceae. The outgroup that we use to polarize the characters of this family has:
a) Very small flowers
b) No functional genes for photosynthesis
c) No vascular tissue
d) No flowers at all
e) All other options are correct
a) Very small flowers
After using the parsimony principle, a researcher found that the five phylogenetic trees that were recovered had the following number of steps:
Tree 1 = 5 steps
Tree 2 = 6 steps
Tree 3 = 7 steps
Tree 4 = 8 steps
Tree 5 = 9 steps
Which of these five trees has the highest level of homoplasy?
a) Tree 1
b) Tree 3
c) Tree 5
d) Options a), b), and c) are correct, and all of these trees have the same level of homoplasy
e) None of the other options is correct, as either Tree 2 or Tree 4 has the highest level of homoplasy
c) Tree 5
Based on the fossil record and DNA data, the lineage of chimps is sister to:
a) The lineage of Homo
b) The lineage of Gorillas
c) The Homo - Gorilla lineage
d) The outgroup
a) The lineage of Homo
Under the parsimony principle, we will pick the tree with:
a) The highest number of evolutionary changes
b) The fewest number of evolutionary changes
c) The highest number of reversal changes
d) The highest level of homoplasy
b) The fewest number of evolutionary change
If we reconstruct the evolutionary history of apes based only on morphological data:
a) Chimps and the genus Homo are sister taxa
b) None of the other options is correct
c) Chimps will be sister to the Homo-Gorilla group
d) Chimps and Gorillas are sister taxa
a) Chimps and the genus Homo are sister taxa
In which of these cases does the fossil record match phylogenies based on parsimony analyses?
a) Evolution of apes
b) Evolution of land plants from ferns to Angiosperms
c) “a” and “b” are correct
d) None of the other options is correct, as very rarely does the fossil record match phylogenies based on parsimony analyses
c) “a” and “b” are correct
