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Environmental Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecosystem

A

environmental system that includes one or more communities and their non-living environments

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2
Q

Population

A

Individuals of the same species

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3
Q

Closed systems

A

systems that only exchange energy and do not exchange matter

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4
Q

Open systems

A

systems that exchange both matter and energy with other systems

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5
Q

Ethics

A

branch of philosophy that deals with standards of right and wrong

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6
Q

Environmental ethics

A

application of ethics to environmental issues

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7
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

worldview that considers human beings as most important

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8
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

worldview that considers human beings as most important

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9
Q

Biocentrism

A

worldview that values all living things

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10
Q

Ecocentrism

A

worldview that values the entire environment, both living and nonliving things

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11
Q

Conversation ethics

A

Viewpoint in which people interact with the environment and actively manage it so that others may enjoy it far into the future

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12
Q

Preservation ethics

A

Viewpoint that the environment itself is worth protecting in its unaltered condition

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13
Q

Photosynthesis reaction

A

(carbon dioxide) 6CO2 + (water) 6H2O + solar energy —> (glucose) C6H12O6 + (oxygen) 6O2

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14
Q

Autotrophs

A

organisms that can make their own food (e.g., photosynthesis)

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15
Q

Cellular respiration reaction

A

(glucose) C6H12O6 + (oxygen) 6O2 —> (carbon dioxide) 6CO2 + (water) 6H2O + energy

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16
Q

Primary producer

A

autotroph; organism that can make its own food (e.g., process of photosynthesis)

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17
Q

Trophic level

A

position in the food chain that reflects energy flow

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18
Q

_____% of energy is lost during energy transfers; _____% of energy is passed on during energy transfers

A

90; 10

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19
Q

As you move up in trophic level, _____ energy is available for the next level to use

A

Less

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20
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition between members of the same species

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21
Q

Symbiosis

A

any interaction between individuals of different species

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22
Q

Types of Interactions Between Species, and Their Effects:

A

Predation + -
Competition - -
Parasitism + -
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0

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23
Q

Interspecific predation

A

predation between different species

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24
Q

Interspecific competition

A

competition between two different species

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25
Q

Parasite

A

organism that lives in or on another organism (host), causing the other organism harm

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26
Q

Host

A

organism negatively affected in a parasitic interaction

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27
Q

Parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species (parasite) lives on or in another species (host)

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28
Q

Mutualism

A

interaction that has positive effects for both species

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29
Q

Commensalism

A

interaction between two species in which one species benefits while the second is neither benefited nor harmed

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30
Q

Keystone species

A

species whose presence can profoundly affect community structure despite its small abundance or biomass

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31
Q

Biomass

A

the weight of all living biological material in a given area

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32
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

fissures in the ocean floor caused by geologic activity that spew out hot water and minerals

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33
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

bacteria and archaea utilize energy stored within hydrogen sulfide molecules to drive synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide and water

34
Q

Externalities

A
35
Q

External costs

A

costs not covered in the market price on account of externalities

36
Q

Examples of external costs

A

health care and environmental remediation

37
Q

Internal costs

A

costs associated with producing, marketing, shipping, and selling

38
Q

Classical economic theory

A

economic theory that approaches the determination of produce value based on production costs alone

39
Q

In classical economics, product is valued depending on the costs of:

A

Components, labor, energy

40
Q

Neoclassical economic theory

A
41
Q

Availability heuristic

A

People give undue weight to information that is easily available or vivid

42
Q

Framing effect

A

The way a choice is presented influences decision making

43
Q

In the framing effect, people prefer…

A

A “sure thing” when potential gain, but willing to take a chance if it involves avoiding a loss

44
Q

What are the three pillars of sustainability

A
  1. People (social)
  2. Planet (environment)
  3. Profit (economic)
45
Q

Examples of non-market values

A

Culture value, scientific value, educational value, aesthetic value

46
Q

Example of contingent value

A

“How much would you be willing to pay to prevent future oil spills?”

47
Q

Example of travel cost

A

“How much do people pay to travel to see the Grand Canyon?”

48
Q

Example of hedonic pricing

A

“How much more is the sales price when the house has an ocean view?”

49
Q

Ecosystem services are examples of

A

Positive externalities

50
Q

List of Ecosystem services

A

Oxygen, soil formation and fertility, provision of pure water, climate regulation, generation of raw materials (food, pollination), nutrient cycling (waste recycling) erosion control, flood moderation, recreation, aesthetic

51
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

total value of goods and services produced in a nation

52
Q

Ecology

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment that determine the abundance and distribution (how many and where)

53
Q

Garrett Hardin’s 1st law of human ecology

A

We can never merely do one thing; what you do in one place affects somewhere else

54
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Microscopic wandering plants that move by water currents

55
Q

_______ absorb light.

A

Chloroplasts

56
Q

_______ is energy-rich S compound

A

H2S (hydrogen sulfide)

57
Q

What are the three ways deep sea communities get their resources?

A
  1. Ladder of consumer - something eats the phytoplankton, something eats the thing that ate the phytoplankton, etc.
  2. Water fall phenomenon - whale dies and falls to the bottom of the ocean
  3. Fecal pallets - contain energy (e.g., cows)
58
Q

All hydrothermal vent life is dependent on…

A

Bacterial chemosynthesis

59
Q

T or F: Respiration occurs in only heterotrophs

A

F: respiration occurs in autotrophs and heterotrophs

60
Q

Intraspecific

A

Interactions within a species

61
Q

Interspecific

A

Interactions between species

62
Q

Harem mating system

A

Dominant males have reproductive control over females

63
Q

Possible outcomes of competition

A
  1. Competitive exclusion - one species wins in competition for resource but still suffers
  2. Coexistence - both species obtain some of what they need and coexist (stable equilibrium)
64
Q

Cryptic camouflage

A

Camouflage to hide from predators

65
Q

Countershading

A

Coloration is darker on the top and lighter on the bottom of the body

66
Q

Mimicry

A

Ability of organisms to look like another more harmful animal

67
Q

Examples of parasites

A

Mosquitoes (malaria-transmitters), heartworm, guinea worm

68
Q

Herbivory

A

Animals (+) feed on the tissues of plants (-)

69
Q

Characteristics of symbiotic interactions

A
  1. Physically close
  2. Long-term relationship (at least one life span of one species)
  3. Two species
  4. Base don nutrition (energy and/or materials)
70
Q

Examples of keystone species

A

Otters and beavers

71
Q

Measurements of CO2 concentration

A
  1. Electrochemical sensors
  2. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors
  3. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors
72
Q

Attributes to predict population dynamics

A

Population size and sex ratio

73
Q

Population size

A

Number of individuals present at a given time

74
Q

Biodiversity

A

Diversity of life

Biological variety typically measured by the number of unique species in an area

Diversity among species, with species, and across ecosystems

75
Q

Why do we lose biodiversity?

A
  1. Habitat degradation/loss
  2. Invasive species (spotted lanternfly, zebra mussels)
  3. Pollution
  4. Over-exploitation
76
Q

Why is there a decline in fireflies

A
  1. Pesticide use
  2. Night lighting
  3. Wetlands loss
77
Q

Why is plant biomass —> humans more energetically efficient than plant biomass —> cows —> humans

A

Less energy is lost between trophic levels

78
Q

What happens to apex predators when humans hunt them?

A

They become fewer in number
Abundance of herbivores goes up
Abundance of plants goes down
Abundance of nutrients goes up

79
Q

Example of trophic cascades

A

Wolves & Aspen
• Yosemite wolves absent from 1926
• Reintroduced in 1995
• Wolves became more numerous
• Elk dropped in abundance
• Cottonwoods became larger
• Aspen trees became taller

80
Q

Indirect “top down” control

A

• Apex predators have a negative impact on herbivores
• Herbivores have a negative impact on plants
• Apex predators have a positive effect on plants

81
Q

Garrett Hardin’s second law of human ecology

A

There is no “away” to throw to

Throwing away garbage does not make it magically disappear; it goes somewhere else

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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