10/10/24

Question 1

Estuaries are marine ecosystems that mix ____ and ____

Answer 1

freshwater and saltwater

Question 2

What does the sankey diagram tell us about energy use?

Answer 2

33% of energy goes to doing things for us

67% of energy contained does nothing for us
- Wasted; dissipated as heat

Question 3

Geothermal

Answer 3

heat from the ground

Question 4

Natural gas and petroleum come from the same origin. What is it?

Answer 4

Marine plants

Question 5

Describe the fossil fuels natural gas and petroleum

Answer 5

1. anaerobic burial
2. moderate heat (50-150 C)
3. pressure
4. time

Question 6

Crude oil

Answer 6

sludgy hydrocarbon mix

Question 7

Oil was first used 4,000 years ago as

Answer 7

asphalt

Question 8

What are the two types of oil extraction?

Answer 8

Primary extraction = exists under natural pressure

Secondary extraction = oil forced out by pumping

Question 9

Fracking

Answer 9

hydraulic fracturing

Gas-containing bedrock fractured by pressurized liquid

Question 10

Anything below ___ pH is considered to be an effect of acid precipitation

Answer 10

5

Question 11

Where is most of the acid precipitation in the US?

Answer 11

Ohio Valley (< 4.3)

Question 12

What is oil (tar) sands made up?

Answer 12

Clay, sand, water, and viscous bitumen (difficult, expensive)

Question 13

Oil (tar) sands is ____ soil with a mix of _____

Answer 13

sand; acid asphalt

Question 14

Oil (tar) sands is _____ of world’s total oil reserves

Answer 14

2/3

Question 15

Oil (tar) sands has a high _____ content

Answer 15

sulfur

Question 16

Shale oil

Answer 16

Rock rich in organic kerogen

Question 17

Kerogen

Answer 17

Half way between dead plants and petroleum

Question 18

Kerogen is converted to oil via

Answer 18

pyrolysis

Question 19

Methane hydrates

Answer 19

Crystalline solid (CH4 molecules, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules)

Question 20

Where are Methane hydrates located?

Answer 20

In Arctic regions and in marine sediments at depths > 300 meters

Question 21

What is the problem with methane hydrates?

Answer 21

CH4 as a greenhouse gas (20x greater heat trapper than CO2)

Question 22

How much oil was split in the exxon valdez spill?

Answer 22

11 million gallons

Question 23

Deepwater Horizon blowout

Answer 23

Drillsite on fire
Oil spills ended up on the beaches of Louisian, Texas, etc.
Beaches covered with layer of oil
134 million gallons (over 87 days (5,000 ft))

Question 24

What are the most common type of oil spills?

Answer 24

Microspills

Question 25

Petroleum inputs to ocean:

Answer 25

48% of petroleum in ocean is from a natural source

8% greater than natural