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Environmental Science > 9/30 > Flashcards

9/30 Flashcards

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1
Q

Molecules

A

combinations of two or more atoms (N2, CO2, NaCI, H2O)

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2
Q

Atoms held together by bonds (strongest to weakest):

A
  1. Covalent bond
  2. Ionic bond
  3. Hydrogen bond
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3
Q

Covalent bond

A

atoms share electrons (CO2)

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4
Q

Ionic bond

A

atoms bound by electrical attraction (NaCI = Na+ + CI-)

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5
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

“partial ionic bond” between molecules

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6
Q

Describe a water compound

A

Partial charges at opposite ends of molecule

“Polar” molecule

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7
Q

High heat capacity

A

measure of amount of heat energy that must be absorbed by the substance to raise the temperature 1 degree C

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8
Q

Concentrations of H+ (protons) and OH- (electrons) determine pH in an ________ solution.

A

aqueous

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9
Q

The solution is acidic if

A

H+ (protons) concentration greater than OH- (electrons)

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10
Q

The solution is basic if

A

OH- (electrons) concentration is greater than H+ (protons)

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11
Q

T or F: only an acidic solution can be lethal.

A

F: Both an acidic and basic solution can be lethal

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12
Q

What are examples of high/basic pH?

A

NaOH (sodium hydroxide), ammonia, seawater

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13
Q

What are examples of low/acidic pH?

A

acid rain, stomach acid, lemon juice, car battery acid

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14
Q

What are examples of neutral pH?

A

pure water

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15
Q

What elements are important for soil health and plant growth?

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, nitrogen, magnesium

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16
Q

What are the effects of a basic soil?

A

nutrients (e.g., P, Mg) not soluble (unavailable to plants)

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17
Q

Dark leaves indicates _________ limitation/deficiency

A

phosphorus

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18
Q

What are the effects of an acidic soil?

A

toxic metal ions (e.g., Al) more available/soluble

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19
Q

As pH drops/Al availability increases, plants

A

grow slower

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20
Q

Atoms

A

elemental units (“building blocks of matter”)

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21
Q

Isotopes

A

Same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

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22
Q

What are the two isotopes of hydrogen?

A
  1. Deuterium
  2. Tritium
23
Q

Deuterium

A

stable isotope (not radioactive; does not disappear)

24
Q

Tritium

A

radioisotope (radioactive, spontaneous decay occurs)

25
Q

Mass = ______ + ________

A

protons; neutrons

26
Q

What are the stable isotopes of carbon?

A

12C, 13C

27
Q

What are the stable isotopes of nitrogen?

A

14N, 15N

28
Q

Which carbon isotope is the atmosphere mostly made up of?

A

12C

29
Q

Which carbon isotope does grass and shrubs discriminate against?

A

13C

30
Q

T or F: Shrubs discriminates more strongly against 13C than grass

A

T

31
Q

Grass and shrubs use the CO2 with the preferential isotope, which is

A

12C

32
Q

Describe the salmon life cycle

A

Salmon eggs hatch in a freshwater stream

Return back to the stream they were born in

Female lays eggs; male fertilizes eggs

Salmon die and rot

33
Q

What are the four different independent developments of agriculture?

A

China: rice
Fertile crescent: wheat
Central America: potatoes
Mesoamerica: Corn, squash

34
Q

What are the functions of soil?

A

Regulates water cycle (controls flow of rain, snowmelt)
Productivity
Filters pollutants (sequester or detoxify)
Nutrient cycling
- Organic → inorganic

35
Q

Autotrophic plants

A

CO2 + H2O → carbohydrate
CO2 + H2O + NO3 + PO4 → protein

36
Q

Heterotrophic fungi, bacteria

A

Carbohydrate → CO2 + H2O
Protein → CO2 + H2O + NO3 + PO4

37
Q

Soil = mix of ____ + ______

A

organic; inorganic

38
Q

Rhizosphere

A

interface between plant roots and soil

39
Q

Rhizobium bacteria are able to break down strong ______ bonds

A

triple

40
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria conversion

A

Convert N2 (gas) → NH4 (ammonium)
Plants → N (organic)

Soil decomposers: N (organic) → NH4 (ammonium) → N2 (gas)

41
Q

Where are mycorrhizal fungi located?

A

partly inside and outside the plant root

42
Q

Describe the relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants

A

Plant root gives some carbohydrate to fungi
Fungi take in water and nutrients from soil environment and feed it to plant

43
Q

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is called a

A

mutualistic symbiosis

44
Q

How are non-native earthworms a threat to soil?

A

Reduce soil biodiversity, productivity

45
Q

What percent of all freshwater use is for crop irrigation?

A

70%

46
Q

Why is over-irrigation a problem?

A

Over-irrigation → waterlog plant roots → poor growth, death

Soil becomes soggy
Roots need oxygen
Too much water
Oxygen diffuses much slower

Plants are not getting enough oxygen

47
Q

Salinization

A

buildup of salts in surface soil layers

48
Q

Describe the process of salinization

A

Sfc evaporation removes water, leaves salts:
- Water comes up to surface and evaporates

  • Salts in the water do not come up to surface and are left behind
49
Q

What is the problem with conventional irrigation practices?

A

< half of water reaches plants

Most of the water released from the rotators is evaporated

50
Q

Why is drip irrigation a better irrigation practice?

A

Conserves water, saves money and reduces salinization

Water drips out slowly (reduces chance of evaporation)

51
Q

As a result of over-fertilization, rain washes off _____ and _____ from lawn into water

A

nitrogen; phosphorus

52
Q
A
53
Q

Give examples of how isotopes can be used to better understand environmental process?

A

[Marine 15N/14N] ≠ [terrestrial 15N/14N]
• Marine food —> salmon body —> death, decay —> terrestrial
• Terrestrial invertebrate animals near stream: up to 70% of N in body
• Salmon acts as fertilizers for animals that lice on land far from the ocean
• Salmon collect N from the ocean
• Salmon deposit N after death

Environmental Science (9 decks)

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