9/26 Flashcards
T or F: population growth is always constant
F: population growth is never constant
What are two examples of human population growth decrease?
- Great Leap Forward (China)
- COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)
Great Leap Forward (China)
Led to famine of 40 million people
Caused a rapid decrease in population
What event in 2020 led to a drop in birth rates?
COVID-19 pandemic
What is the HPG rate in Uganda as of 2024?
+ 2.8%/year
What countries are showing slower population growth rates?
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Singapore
What is the HPG rate of Japan as of 2024?
-0.5%/year
Why is Japan’s population shrinking?
Japanese are not having enough children
What were the population controls 2,000 years ago?
- Available resources/food shortage
- Disease (e.g., typhus, dysentery, pneumonia, leprosy, plague, cholera, etc.)
- Conflict
Why did the Akkadian Empire collapse in 2,100 BC?
Typhoid fever and plague
Why was there a 40% decline in Western Europe during 660-1350?
Black plague
What was the infant mortality rate in England in 1830?
250 infants deaths per 1,000 births
What led to increase in life expectancy and decrease in infant mortality rate?
Better sanitation, medicine, nutrition
What was mortality rate of children between 0-5 years in England in 1830?
430/1000 births
How did HPG change after 1900?
rapid growth upswing
Better medicine, public sanitation
Fewer infant deaths
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 1900?
47
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 1925?
59
What was the US life expectancy at birth in 2020?
79
How was HPG affected during and after WWII?
1939-1941: slight divot in population from WW2
Post-WWII: Baby Boom
- Late 1940s
- Contributed to increase in population
What event Post-WWII contributed to increase in population?
Baby Boom
What determines HPG?
Balance between in and out (births and deaths)
Death rate
TFR
Replacement fertility
Death rate equation
Death rate = f{conflict, disease, famine}
total fertility rate (TFR)
total number of children/offspring per woman
TFR of 1960
5 offspring per woman
Replacement fertility
TFR that keeps population size stable
I.e., describe many offspring a woman needs to have to maintain population size
What is the rule of thumb for replacement fertility?
2.05
What is the actual number of Earth’s human carrying capacity?
Cannot be answered
What factors impact Earth’s human carrying capacity?
Dependent on the state of the Earth
- Degrade of environment → carrying capacity shrinks
Depends on how individuals live
- What are the resource demands for the entire Earth’s population
What meat resource is very demanding?
Beef
_____ is a resource-demanding fish
Salmon
Changing HPG rates
Reduce poverty —> reduce population growth (TFR declines with higher income (GNP))
Reduce poverty —> reduce infant mortality
Universal education —> reduce population growth (countries that have higher education for women show lower TFR)
