Exam 1

Question 1

What are the three R’s implemented in minimalistic animal research?

Answer 1

Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement

Question 2

What does reduction stand for in animal research?

Answer 2

The use of as few animals needed

Question 3

Who are the two pioneers of cognitive neuroscience that built on Golgi’s idea to shape our understanding of human behavior in the brain?

Answer 3

Santiago Ramon Y Cajal and
Charles Sherrington

Question 4

Which cognitive neuroscience pioneer discovered that neurons were separate and not fused as many believed at the time?

Answer 4

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 5

During resting membrane potential, the voltage of the membrane is at?

Answer 5

-70mV

Question 6

What is all or none principle?

Answer 6

For an action potential to occur the membrane must meet the criteria voltage, no potential will occur if it this does not meet this requirement

Question 7

What is the threshold voltage for an action potential to occur?

Answer 7

-55mV

Question 8

During resting membrane potential, the neuron has a high concentration of Na+ or K+ inside the cell?

Answer 8

K+; Potassium

Question 9

During the depolarization phase there is an influx of which ion?

Answer 9

Na+; Sodium

Question 10

During the Repolarization phase, which voltage gated channel is closed? which one is open?

Answer 10

Na+ Sodium is Closed
K+ Potassium is Open

Question 11

Is a neuron able to produce another action potential during the absolute refractory period?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Is a neuron able to produce another action potential during the relative refractory period?

Answer 12

Yes, but only with a strong enough stimulus

Question 13

What is the mechanism in neurons use to communicate with one another?

Answer 13

Action Potentials

Question 14

A protein site that neurotransmitters bind to?

Answer 14

Receptors

Question 15

What are the two criteria a neurotransmitter or molecule must meet to exert an effect when binding to a receptor?

Answer 15

Efficacy & Affinity

Question 16

Neurotransmitter’s ability to bind to a receptor is known as

Answer 16

Affinity

Question 17

A neurotransmitter’s ability to cause an effect when binding to a receptor is known as

Answer 17

Efficacy

Question 18

What is reciprocal innovation?

Answer 18

The relationship between activation and inhibition of the nervous system

Example: Activation of a certain group of muscles also needs an active suppression/inhibition of opposite muscle group. Brachialis and Triceps

Question 19

What is the function of glial cells?

Answer 19

Support, provide nutrients, and remove waste – fungi, viruses, and dead neurons in the nervous system

Question 20

Before Santiago Ramon y Cajal neurons were thought to be?

Answer 20

Fused

Question 21

Charles Sherrington was interested in how neurons communicated with one another, which led to the discovery of?

Answer 21

Synapse

Question 22

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 22

Amino Acids

Question 23

Afferent is a type of ______ neuron that brings information to the brain

Answer 23

Sensory

Question 24

Efferent is a type of ________ neuron that sends information away from the brain

Answer 24

Motor

Question 25

Presynaptic Neuron is the neuron that releases or receives neurotransmitters?

Answer 25

Releases

Question 26

Where are neurotransmitters released from?

Answer 26

Presynaptic Terminals

Question 27

What structure is used to release neurotransmitters into the synapse?

Answer 27

Presynaptic Vesicles

Question 28

What is the only nutrient that passes the blood brain barrier in LARGE quantities?

Answer 28

Glucose