Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the three R’s implemented in minimalistic animal research?
Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement
What does reduction stand for in animal research?
The use of as few animals needed
Who are the two pioneers of cognitive neuroscience that built on Golgi’s idea to shape our understanding of human behavior in the brain?
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal and
Charles Sherrington
Which cognitive neuroscience pioneer discovered that neurons were separate and not fused as many believed at the time?
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
During resting membrane potential, the voltage of the membrane is at?
-70mV
What is all or none principle?
For an action potential to occur the membrane must meet the criteria voltage, no potential will occur if it this does not meet this requirement
What is the threshold voltage for an action potential to occur?
-55mV
During resting membrane potential, the neuron has a high concentration of Na+ or K+ inside the cell?
K+; Potassium
During the depolarization phase there is an influx of which ion?
Na+; Sodium
During the Repolarization phase, which voltage gated channel is closed? which one is open?
Na+ Sodium is Closed
K+ Potassium is Open
Is a neuron able to produce another action potential during the absolute refractory period?
No
Is a neuron able to produce another action potential during the relative refractory period?
Yes, but only with a strong enough stimulus
What is the mechanism in neurons use to communicate with one another?
Action Potentials
A protein site that neurotransmitters bind to?
Receptors
What are the two criteria a neurotransmitter or molecule must meet to exert an effect when binding to a receptor?
Efficacy & Affinity
Neurotransmitter’s ability to bind to a receptor is known as
Affinity
A neurotransmitter’s ability to cause an effect when binding to a receptor is known as
Efficacy
What is reciprocal innovation?
The relationship between activation and inhibition of the nervous system
Example: Activation of a certain group of muscles also needs an active suppression/inhibition of opposite muscle group. Brachialis and Triceps
What is the function of glial cells?
Support, provide nutrients, and remove waste – fungi, viruses, and dead neurons in the nervous system
Before Santiago Ramon y Cajal neurons were thought to be?
Fused
Charles Sherrington was interested in how neurons communicated with one another, which led to the discovery of?
Synapse
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Afferent is a type of ______ neuron that brings information to the brain
Sensory
Efferent is a type of ________ neuron that sends information away from the brain
Motor
Presynaptic Neuron is the neuron that releases or receives neurotransmitters?
Releases
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
Presynaptic Terminals
What structure is used to release neurotransmitters into the synapse?
Presynaptic Vesicles
What is the only nutrient that passes the blood brain barrier in LARGE quantities?
Glucose
