CHP 10 - Sex Differences Flashcards
What is the only scientifically proven difference between male and females behavior?
Interest
Males - Things
Females - People/Individuals
Which ducts are known for being the precursor to female internal structures?
Mullerian Ducts
Which ducts are known as being the precursors to male internal structures?
Wolffian Ducts
T/F: Male and female mammals have both mullerian and wolffian ducts during early stage of prenatal development
True, both ducts are present before 6-8 weeks
What gene is responsible for primitive gonads to develop into testes?
SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene
What is the most abundant androgen in males?
Testosterone
Once androgens are present the wolffian duct develop into which structures?
Seminal Vesicles and Vas Deferens
Which hormone is responsible for the degeneration of mullerian-inhibiting hormone?
MIH - Mullerian inhibiting hormone
The mullerian inhibiting hormone is produced in the?
Testes
For MIH to be produced and released testosterone levels need to be?
Increased - High concentration of testosterone allows for the production and release of MIH
Mullerian ducts develop and mature into?
Oviducts, Uterus, and the upper vagina
Females do not have the SRY gene, therefore their gonads develop into?
Ovaries
Can females product MIH?
No, only present with high levels of testosterone
The Wolffian ducts degenerate in females or males?
Females
T/F: Males testes product more estrogens than androgens
False
What is the most abundant hormone in females?
Estrogen
What is the most prominent type of estrogen?
Estradiol
Which estrogen is responsible for implantation of fertilized ovum an promotes the maintenaance of pregnancy?
Progesterone
What does the SRY gene do?
Causes the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes, which then produces testosterone and MIH to direct development towards the male pattern
If inject estrogens into adult males and androgens into adult females, could we make males act like females in vise versa?
No
What are the two types of effects sex hormones can have?
Organizing effects - long lasting structural effects
Activating effects - temporary, short term only continue while hormone is present
The organizing effects set the stage for ____________ effects
Activating
Menstrual cycle is an example of which type of hormone effect?
Organization effect
The burst of hormones during pregnancy is an example of which type of hormone effect?
Activating effect
T/F: Estradiol has little effect on the external genitals
True
Which hormone is responsible for the development of external genitalia?
Testosterone converted into DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)
Does testosterone play a role in the development of female pattern external genitalia?
Yes, low levels of testosterone leads to female external genitalia
Testosterone converts into __________, which is more effective in promoting growth of the __________.
DTH (Dihydrotestosterone); Penis
What would happen if a genetic male had low levels of androgens during prenatal development?
They would develop the female typical pattern of anatomy and behavior
What would happen to a genetic female that is introduced to high levels of testosterone during prenatal development?
Behavior will be partly masculinized
Why are pregnant woman recommended to stay away from products that have phthalates when carrying a boy?
They cause the fetus to become deficient of androgen receptors or less sensitive
T/F: A genetic female that lacks estradiol during early life development will approximately have normal female external anatomy.
True
Which hormone needs to be present for the development of the female internal organs?
Estradiol
The lack of estradiol during prenatal development in females will result in an increase or decrease in sexual drive?
Decrease
What would be the genital appearance of a mammal exposed to high levels of both androgens and estrogens?
Appear male
What would be the genital appearance of a mammal exposed to low levels of both androgens and estrogens?
Appear Female
What region of the hypothalamus is larger in males than in females?
Sexually dimorphic nucleus
In females, which structure in the brain is responsible for generating a cyclic patter of hormone release? also known as the menstrual cycle
Hypothalamus
If a genetic female is exposed to high levels of testosterone during early development will she have a normal menstrual cycle?
No
Sexually dimorphic nucleus contributes to control of?
Male sexual behavior; located in the anterior hypothalamus
A girl born to women with high testosterone levels while pregnant will show an elevated preference for boy or girl toys
Boy
Boys born to women with high _________ levels while pregnant showed more interest in typical girl toy’s
Phthalate
Antidepressant _________ serotonin which leads to the __________ of sexual arousal
Decrease; decrease
serotonin and dopamine have what type of relationship when it comes to sexual activity?
Inverse; increase of serotonin decreases sexual activity by blocking dopamine release
Which oocyte is triggered to ovulate and fertilized?
the oocyte with the highest FSH
Which hormone is responsible for suppressing FSH?
Progesterone
What is the function of FSH?
Stimulates the growth of oocytes in the ovaries, oocyte of highest FSH will be released by the ovary
What is the function of LH?
