Exam 1

Question 1

atomic number

Answer 1

number of p+

Question 2

atomic charge calculation

Answer 2

(# of p+) - (# of e-)

Question 3

mass number =

Answer 3

number of protons + # of neutrons

Question 4

ionic charge calc

Answer 4

(# of p+) - (# of e-) = +n or -n

Question 5

matter

Answer 5

anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 6

protons

Answer 6

positively charged particle with a sizeable mass

Question 7

neutrons

Answer 7

electrically neutral particle with a mass approximately = to a proton

Question 8

electrons

Answer 8

negatively-charged particle with a very small mass

Question 9

solids

Answer 9

molecules densely packed
definite shape
not easily compressible

Question 10

liquids

Answer 10

molecules are loosely packed
no definite shape (can flow)
not easily compressible

Question 11

gas

Answer 11

molecules NOT packed
no definite shape
easily compressible

Question 12

identify elements, compounds, and mixtures

Answer 12

1. is the material on the periodic table? > yes? > it is an element
2. are the names of of two elements present in the scientific name of the material? > yes? > it is a compound
3. is only one substance, layer, or color seen when i look at the material? yes? > the material is a solution
4. are two or more substances, layers, or colors seen when i look at the material? yes? > the material is a heterogenous mixture

Question 13

homogenous mixture

Answer 13

a combination of two or more elements or compounds which appear to be one layer or material

ex) when salt is added to water, the compound hydrogen oxide, the two materials mix with the salt dissolving to make a solution

Question 14

heterogenous mixture

Answer 14

a combination of two or more elements or compounds which appear without any manipulation to be more than one layer or material

ex) when sand is added to water, the sand settles in one layer on the bottom with the water forming another layer on top

Question 15

physical change processes

Answer 15

changes state, NOT composition

-odor
-taste
-color
-appearance
-melting point
-boiling point

Question 16

chemical change process

Answer 16

change in composition

-corrosiveness
-flammability
-acidity
-toxicity

Question 17

melting:

Answer 17

solid to liquid

Question 18

freezing

Answer 18

liquid to solid

Question 19

vaporization

Answer 19

liquid to gas

Question 20

deposition

Answer 20

gas to solid

Question 20

condensation

Answer 20

gas to liquid

Question 21

sublimation

Answer 21

solid to gas

Question 22

AMU (atomic mass unit)

Answer 22

avg mass of an element based upon the mass of the isotopes

Question 23

molar mass (g/mol)

Answer 23

mass of a given element divided by the amount of substance

Question 24

core electrons

Answer 24

innermost e- tightly bound to nucleus that occupy the LOWEST energy level

total e- minus valence e- = core

Question 25

valence electrons

Answer 25

outermost e- that occupy the HIGHEST energy levels

involved in chemical bonding

= group #
= group # above 12 subtract 10

Question 26

aufbau principle

Answer 26

e- are placed into orbitals of the lowest available energy

S orbitals are first 2 groups

D orbitals are transition metals

P orbitals are groups 13-18

F orbitals are bottom two periods

Question 27

pauli exclusion principle

Answer 27

no two e- can be the same and must be spin-paired

Question 28

s-orbitals hold:

Answer 28

1 orbital; 2 e-

Question 29

p orbitals hold:

Answer 29

3 orbitals; 6 e-

Question 30

d orbitals hold:

Answer 30

5 orbitals; 10 e-

Question 30

f orbitals hold:

Answer 30

7 orbitals; 14 e-

Question 31

noble gas configuration

Answer 31

normal: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²

noble gas: [Xe]6s²

take the previous noble gas to account for the core e- in the overall electron config

Question 32

LEO goes GER

Answer 32

loss of e- = oxidation
gain of e- = reduction

anion- = gain e-
cation+ = lose e-

ex) F = 9e-; F- = 10e-

Question 33

predictable ionic charges

Answer 33

group 1 = 1+
group 2 = 2+
group 3 = 3+ (aluminum)
group 5 = 3-
group 6 = 2-
group 7 = 1-

transition metals:
Chromium = 3+/6+
Manganese = 2+
Iron = 2+/3+
Cobalt = 2+
Nickel = 2+
Platinum = 2+
Copper = +/2+
Silver = +
Gold = +/3+
Zinc = 2+
Cd = 2+
Hg₂ = 2+ or Hg²⁺

Question 34

periodic trends

Answer 34

atomic size increases: ↙
ionization energy increases: ↗
EN increases: ↗
ionic size: cations < anions

Question 35

how to identify an element and its isotope

Answer 35

^{mass #}_{atomic #}SYMBOL^charge

Question 36

empirical formula

Answer 36

simplest whole number ratio of the atoms

ex) CH

Question 37

molecular formula

Answer 37

exact # of each type of atom found in a compound

ex) C₆H₆

Question 38

structural formula

Answer 38

exact # of each type of atom found in a compound; exact manner in which those atoms are bound together

Question 39

diatomic molecular element

Answer 39

2 atoms; ex) H₂

Question 40

molecular compounds

Answer 40

2 or more nonmentals
nm+nm
ex) H₂O

Question 41

ionic compounds

Answer 41

metal + nm
ex) NaCl