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Motor Control > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium pump? What does it do, how, and why?

A

maintains the membrane potential

The specific function of the sodium potassium pump is to move potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out of the cell to drive an action potential. This creates a fluctuating concentration inside and outside of the cell causing the cell to pump more sodium and potassium in and out of the cell, resulting in depolarization and repolarization.

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2
Q

What are the steps in generation of Action Potential?
a. Draw and label the phases
b. Describe what is occurring during each phase
i. What channels are opening/closing
ii. How are ions moving (in/out)

LOOK AT STUDY GUIDE

A
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3
Q

What are the two types of post-synaptic potentials (PSP)?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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4
Q

What is spatial summation of PSP’s?

Example: ?????

A

Two different nuerons simultaneous stimuli at different location cause PSP that add together.

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5
Q

Spatial Summation PSPs?
???????
When would an action potential be generated?

A

When they fire and add together to reach threshold

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6
Q

Spatial Summation of PSP’s
???????
Describe an example when an action potential would not be generated?

A

Change in membrane potential can cancel each other out

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7
Q

What is Temporal Summation of PSP’s?

A

Same cell Two excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSP’s that add together

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8
Q

Temporal Summation of PSP’s?
?????????
Describe an example when an action potential would be generated?

A

Fire close to the same time from one cell to reach threshold

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9
Q

Temporal Summation of PSP’s?
?????????
Describe an example when an action potential would NOT be generated?

A

Doesn’t fire close close therefore it wont reach threshold

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10
Q

Draw parts of the neuron: Soma, Dendrites, Axon, Hillock, Axon Collateral, Synapse

A
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11
Q

Three general types of neurons and what they do

A

Afferent: Sensory - dorsal root - sends signal to peripheral to cns
Efferent: Motor - Ventral root - sends signal from cns to pns
Interneuron: In CNS between afferent + efferent

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12
Q

Why is it good to have an axon with a large diameter?

A

It decreases resistance, therefore signal will travel down faster

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13
Q

Why is it bad to have an axon with a large diameter?
???????

A

Takes more myelination and more energy

Has a higher chance of a leakier membrane

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14
Q

What does myelination do?

A

It allows the charge to maintain longer and allows the signal to travel faster down the axon

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15
Q

Describe and compare saltatory conduction and continuous conduction along an axon?
???????????

A

Saltatory conduction: Occurs in myelinated axons aka faster (jumps from node of ranvier) (voltage gated channels only at these nodes)

Continuous conduction: Unmyelinated axons aka slower (travels down the entire length of axon) (voltage gated channels Na found along the whole axon)

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16
Q

What cells are responsible for myenlination of neurons in the CNS and PNS?

A

Schwann cell for PNS

Oligodendrocytes for CNS

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17
Q

How does a chemical synapse work? Describe the steps for signal transmission.
????????
Picture

A
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18
Q

How does an electrical synapse work?

A

Gap junctions which allows ion to move in both directions (bidirectional)

Has a passive current flow and is extremely fast

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19
Q

What neurotransmitter is necessary for muscle fiber contraction?

A

Acetlycholine

20
Q

The synapse between an alpha motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called

A

Neuromuscular junction

21
Q

What neurotransmitter is released to result in a contraction of a muscle fiber

A

Acetylcholine

22
Q

True or False: Demyelination can result in a conduction block

A

True

23
Q

True or False: Paresthesias is not a system of demyelination

A

False

24
Q

What is an example of Paresthesias

A

Are action potential occurring when they shouldn’t be. an example is a tremor or tingling

25
Q

True or False : One way to fix a conduction block is to add Na+ channels between Nodes of Ranvier

A

True

26
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

27
Q

What is an afferent?

A

Signal from the periphery toward the CNS

sensory signals

28
Q

What is an efferent?

A

Signal from the CNS toward the periphery

Motor signals

29
Q

What are two ways signals can be propagated
between neurons?

A
  • Chemical via neurotransmitters
  • Electrical via Gap junctions
30
Q

………….are the myelinating cells in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

31
Q

………….are the myelinating cells in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

32
Q

What does myelinating an axon do?

A

Insulates leaky membrane =>
saltatory conduction

33
Q

What is Gray matter?

A

Gray = neuronal cell bodies

34
Q

What is White matter?

A

white = bundles of myelinated axons

35
Q

What is a bundle of axons
called in the CNS?

A

tract

36
Q

What is a bundle of axons
called in the PNS?

A

nerve

37
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell
bodies called in the CNS?

A

nucleus

38
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell
bodies called in the PNS?

A

ganglion

39
Q

What kind of neurons send information through the
dorsal root in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory

40
Q

What is in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Soma (cell bodies) of
sensory neurons

41
Q

What kind of neurons send their information through
the ventral root in the spinal cord?

A

Motor

42
Q

Where are the motor Nueron cell bodies located

A

Ventral Horn

43
Q

What is the difference between active and passive
transport of ions across a membrane?

A

Active moves against
concentration/electrical
gradients and requires
energy

44
Q

Draw an action potential and label its parts and what ion channels are involved.

A
  1. Resting Potential – maintained by Na +/K+ pump
  2. Depolarization phase - Voltage-gated Na + channels open
  3. Repolarization phase - Voltage-gated K+ channels open; Na + channels close
  4. Undershoot - Voltage-gated K+ channels close, K+ diffuses across membrane (conc. Gradient)
  5. Draw an action potential and label its parts and what ion channels are involved.
45
Q

Label Spinal Cord, Brain

A
46
Q

46 Spinal Cord

A
47
Q

What are the two types of post synaptic potential’s?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Motor Control (15 decks)

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