Exam #1 Flashcards
what is a macronutrient and what are the three categories?
nutrients that the body needs in large amounts
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-fats
what is a micronutrient and what are the two categories?
nutrients that the body needs in very small amounts
-vitamins
-minerals
-
list some of the leading causes of death in the US?
-heart disease
-cancer
-chronic lower respiratory infections
-accidents
-stroke
-alzheimer’s disease
-diabetes
-influenza / pneumonia
-kidney disease
-suicide
what lifestyle factors that contribute to the leading causes of death in the US?
dietary practices and exercise habits
what is metabolism?
the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells
what are essential nutrients? examples?
a nutrient that must be supplied by food b/c the body does not need to synthesize it or make enough to meet needs
-water
-vitamin C
what are DRIs? examples?
a set of energy and
nutrient intake standards that can be used as
references when making dietary recommendations
-EARs
-RDAs
-AIs
-ULs
-AMDR
Characteristics of digestive tract?
stomach
sphincters
mouth
esophagus
small intestine
accessory organs
large intestine
anus
Medical Conditions associated with the digestive tract?
constipation
IBS
IBD
Diverticulosis / Diverticulitis
Diarrhea
Acid Reflux
Peptic Ulcers
what are the three types of drinkers? male vs female?
moderate (2 drinks / 1 drink)
heavy (15 + drinks a week / 8)
binge (5+ drinks every 2 hours / 4)
what is gluconeogenesis?
the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, most amino acids
what is glycolysis?
the first phase of glucose catabolism
what are the hormones associated with metabolism?
-insulin
-glucagon
-cortisol
-epinephrine
-thyroid hormone
what are some benefits and drawbacks of the ketogenetic diet?
pros:
-causes loss of appetite (for overweight)
-may be used to treat epilepsy
cons:
-ketoacidosis
Public health experts are concerned with American’s eating habits, because many serious diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, are associated with dietary practices.
T/F
True
Hormone that reduces blood glucose and is secreted by the pancreas
leptin
glucagon
insulin
cortisol
insulin
The duodenum is a segment of which organ
large intestine
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
small intestine
Select all that answers that could be considered a placebo
sugar pills
sham injection
an injection
a procedure that mimics the treatment
sugar pills
sham injection
a procedure that mimics the treatment
Nutrition should be based on scientific research
T/F
True
Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased or unreliable nutrition information?
usda.gov
myplate.gov
facebook.com
eatright.org
facebook.com
Andrew frequently drinks alone and drinks alcohol to relax and improve his mood. He might be at risk of an alcohol use disorder.
T/F
True
_______ is pain generally felt in the upper chest that results from the passage of acidic contents from the stomach into the esophagus
IBS
IBD
constipation
heartburn
heartburn
_______ is a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished
healthy diet
malnutrition
nutrition
megadose
malnutrition
Select the classes of nutrients in the human body: select all that apply
carbohydrates
vitamins
proteins
lipids
water
minerals
carbohydrates
vitamins
proteins
water
minerals
Constipation can be caused by all of the following except
anxiety
low water intake
depression
low fiber intake
low fiber intake
A disruption of _________ could lead to a lack of absorption of B12.
gastrin
pepsinogen
intrinsic factor
HCL
intrinsic factor
Nutrient supplements contain everything one needs for optimal nutrition.
T/F
False
Where does chemical digestion begin?
small intestine
gall bladder
stomach
mouth
mouth
At what blood alcohol content does slurred speech and obvious delayed reaction time typically occur?
0.02
0.08
0.15
0.10
0.10
A Hindu religion based diet forbids beef
T/F
True
A standard drink is equal to (select all that apply)
10 margaritas
8 spiked seltzers
5 oz wine
12 oz beer
1.5 oz of liquor
5 oz wine
12 oz beer
1.5 oz of liquor
Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote good health.
T/F
True
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are standard values for nutrient recommendations for all of the following except
EER
RDA
EBR
EAR
EBR
Which government agency permits food manufacturers to include health claims on food labels?
FDA
NRA
CDC
EPA
FDA
__________ is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient
physiological dose
microdose
megadose
none of the above
megadose
All of the following increase the risk of developing a peptic ulcer except:
heavy use of alcohol
eating spinach
regular use of NSAID
smoking cigarettes
eating spinach
What is the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors?
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
Investigators who were part of the study and are experts involved in related research perform peer reviews on research
T/F
False
Nutrients that the body needs in large amounts
micronutrients
macronutrients
phytochemicals
all of the above
macronutrients
Which of the following can be a sign of ketoacidosis
normal blood pH
fruity or acetone odor of breath
elevated blood pH
happiness
fruity or acetone odor of breath
Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the
gall bladder
small intestine
stomach
large intestine
small intestine
Aerobic metabolism is ATP production without the presence of oxygen.
T/F
false
According to expert dietary recommendation, which of the following should supply the majority of your daily caloric intake?
vitamins
proteins
carbohydrates
water
supplements
carbohydrates
Select all of the following that are not FDA approved to treat, diagnosis, cure, or alleviate the effects of disease
vitamin C supplements
herbal supplements
prescription medicine
protein powders
vitamin C supplements
herbal supplements
protein powders
The liver and muscle tissue is the primary site for ______ storage and degradation
pyruvate
glycogen
fructose
sucrose
glycogen
__________ the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells.
metabolism
lifestyle
deficiency disease
risk factor
metabolism
Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of breast cancer
T/F
True
Which of the following is an essential nutrient:
cholesterol
tyrosine
beta-carotene
vitamin C
vitamin C
Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver
T/F
True
Adipose tissue is the main storage site for
triglycerides
caffeine
glycogen
vitamin C
triglycerides
When oxygen is not available in a working muscle, pyruvate will be converted to
palmitic acid
acetyl CoA
ocaloacetate
lactic acid
lactic acid
According to the textbook, The digestive tract is
10 ft
16 ft
30 ft
2 ft
16 ft
Select all that have a higher chance of having ketoacidosis
type 2 diabetics
consumers of low carbohydrate and meat rich diets
ketogenic diet followers
vegetarians
pescatarians
type 2 diabetics
consumers of low carbohydrate and meat rich diets
ketogenic diet followers
