Chapters 1-8 Flashcards
Diet is a
practice of restricting energy intake
usual pattern of food choices
method of reducing portion sizes
technique to reduce carbohydrate intake
usual pattern of food choices
Which of the following conditions is one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States in which diet plays a role in its development?
Tuberculosis
Cancer
Hepatitis
Influenza
Cancer
The nutrients that provide energy are
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
lipids, proteins, and minerals
vitamins, minerals, and proteins
carbohydrates, vitamins, and lipids
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Which of the following is not considered an organic nutrient?
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Minerals
Which of the following substances is an essential nutrient?
Cholesterol
Alanine
Calcium
Beta-carotene
Calcium
Which of the following foods is a rich source of phytochemicals?
Hamburger
Fish
Peaches
chicken
Peaches
Which of the following conditions is a chronic disease?
Heart disease
Common cold
Scurvy
Influenza
Heart disease
Which of the following foods in considered nutrient dense?
unsalted butter
Sugar-sweetened soft drink
Low-fat milk
Iceberg lettuce
Low-fat milk
How many minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per day are needed to counteract 8 hours of sedentary time?
90-100 minutes per day
60-70 minutes per day
30-50 minutes per day
10-20 minutes per day
90-100 minutes per day
According to recent studies, most Americans consume more _________ than recommended.
sugary foods
dairy foods
fruits and vegetables
whole grains
sugary foods
A serving of food contains 15g carbohydrates, 3 g protein, and 7g fat. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies.
100 kcal
135 kcal
190 kcal
225 kcal
135 kcal
A serving of food supplies 20 g carbohydrate, 4 g protein, 10 g fat, 50 g water, 2 mg iron, and 50 mg vitamin C. Which of the following statements is true about a serving of the food?
Protein provides the most energy
Carbohydrate provides the most energy
Water and vitamin C provide the most energy
Fat provides almost 50% of total calories
Fat provides almost 50% of total calories
Which of the following foods is the most energy dense per 100 grams?
French Fries
Romaine lettuce
Raw apple
Red pepper
French Fries
Which of the following statements is false?
A megadose of vitamins provides no calories
Megadoses of nutrients may behave like drugs in the body
In general, megadoses of nutrients are safe to consume
A physiological dose of a vitamin is less than a megadose of the vitamin
In general, megadoses of nutrients are safe to consume
Which of the following substances is classified as a dietary supplement according to the DSHEA of 1994?
Fish oil
Nonfat milk
Red wine
Chewing tobacco
Fish oil
The first step of the scientific method usually involves
gathering data
developing a hypothesis
identifying relationships
between variable
making observations
making observations
A team of scientists observes a large population of college students over 4 years to determine which of their dietary practices is associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) __________ study.
case-control
prospective
retrospective
experimental
prospective
A hypothesis is
a possible explanation for an observation
not based on scientific evidence
the last step in designing an experiment
a random guess
a possible explanation for an observation
Comparing the diets of individuals with iron deficiency anemia to the diets of people who have very similar characteristics but are healthy is an example of
a prospective study
an anecdotal study
a retrospective study
a case control study
a case control study
Generally, epidemiological studies
establish causation
are performed on animals
have human subjects
are intervention trials
have human subjects
Personal reports concerning a treatment’s effectiveness are
experiments
controlled trials
anecdotes
variables
anecdotes
In experimental studies, the purpose of the control group is
to have a group of people who make decisions about every part of the study
to have a group of people or animals that are not exposed to the treatment
to have a group of people or animals on which to test the protocol
to have a group of people or animals that do not participate in the study
to have a group of people or animals that are not exposed to the treatment
A testimonial is a(n)
unbiased report about a product’s value
scientifically valid claim
personal endorsement of a product
form of scientific evidence
personal endorsement of a product
Which of the following websites is least likely to provide unbiased and reliable nutrition information?
eatright.org
nutritionhealthandfitness4you.com
usda.gov
psu.edu
nutritionhealthandfitness4you.com
Test tube studies are performed
in vitro, in a living organism
in vivo, in a living organism
in vivo, outside of a living organism
in vitro, outside of a living organism
in vitro, outside of a living organism
The amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally is defined as
physiological dose
megadose
empty calorie
partial dose
physiological dose
Metabolism is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells, including chemical reactions involved in supplying energy, making proteins, and eliminating wastes products
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient in terms of nutrition
Helium
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Helium
Diet is defined as:
the usual pattern of food choices
method of reducing portion size
technique to reduce carbohydrate intake
practice of restricting energy intake
the usual pattern of food choices
According to recent studies, most Americans do not purchase adequate amounts of ________ to eat.
whole grains
red meat
sugary foods
whole-fat dairy foods
whole grains
What is the AMDR for fat?
10-35% of total kcal
20-35% of total kcal
30-45% of total kcal
45-65% of total kcal
20-35% of total kcal
Which of the following statements is false?
RDAs are standards for daily intakes of certain nutrients
RDAs meet the nutrient needs of nearly all healthy people
RDAs contain a margin of safety
RDAs are listed on food labels
RDAs are listed on food labels
The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
has a margin of safety
does not account for a person’s height, weight, or physical activity level
is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person
reflects a person’s actual daily energy needs
is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person
A diet is highly likely to be safe and nutritionally adequate if
average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values
intakes of various nutrients are consistently less than EAR amounts
nutrient intakes are consistently about ULs
vitamin supplements are included
average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, all of the following foods are nutritionally equivalent to 1 ounce of food from the grains group, except
1 slice bread
1 cup cooked pasta
3 cups popped popcorn
1 cup ready-to-eat cereal
1 cup cooked pasta
Nutritional standards, such as the RDAs, are
dietary recommendations for chronically ill adults
the basis for establishing DVs
used on the Nutrition Facts labels
practical menu-planning guides
the basis for establishing DVs
Which of the following is an example of a protein-rich food that also contains saturated fat and cholesterol?
peanut butter
dry beans
nuts
beef
beef
Fruit is generally a good source of all the following substances except
fiber
vitamin C
phytochemicals
protein
protein
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is
revised every 5 years
a set of disease-specific, nutrition-related recommendations
not concerned with physical activity
published by the centers for disease control and prevention
revised every 5 years
the choose your foods tool
classifies food in the same groups as the MyPlate system
has exchange lists within each food group
is useful only for people who have diabetes
incorporates high-protein foods with high-carbohydrate foods
has exchange lists within each food group
Which of the following statements is true?
Each dietary pattern of the MyPlate guidelines includes a recommendation for daily fruit intake
MyPlate can be individualized to meet a person’s food preferences
A major weakness of www.myplate.gov is the website’s failure to emphasize the importance of regular physical activity
A person can use MyPlate to evaluate his or her diet’s nutritional adequacy
A major weakness of www.myplate.gov is the website’s failure to emphasize the importance of regular physical activity
Which of the following information is not provided by the Nutrition Facts panel (2020)?
Percentage of total calories from fat
Amount of total carbohydrate per serving
Serving size
Amount of total fat per serving
percentage of total calories from fat
Daily Values are
for people who consume 1200-1500 kilocalorie diets
based on the lowest RDA or AI for each nutrient
dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes
used to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of a population’s diet
dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes
Organically grown foods are
preserved through food irradiation
produced with the use of antibiotics, pesticides, or genetic improvements
usually less expensive than conventionally produced foods
permitted to use government-approved GMOs
permitted to use government-approved GMOs
______ is the smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health
nutrient requirement
estimated energy requirement
estimated average requirement
recommended daily allowance
nutrient requirement
What is the MyPlate recommended Daily Kilocalories for a 20 year old woman?
1800-2400
3200-4800
2600-3200
1600-1800
1800-2400
“Help cures Diabetes” is a FDA acceptable health claim for food labeling. T or F?
False
Which apply to organic farming?
food irradiation may be used
sewage sludge products are not allowed
synthetic fertilizers are not allowed
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are not allowed
sewage sludge products are not allowed
synthetic fertilizers are not allowed
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are not allowed
Metabolism is the _____ that occur in all living cells
total of all chemical reactions
sum of all catabolic reactions
sum of all anabolic reactions
difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions
total of all chemical reactions
glycolysis
requires oxygen
results in a net gain of 10 ATP
occurs in mitochondria
results in the formation of pyruvate
results in the formation of pyruvate
when oxygen is not available in working muscle cell, pyruvate will be converted to
acetyl CoA
oxaloacetate
lactic acid
palmitic acid
lactic acid
during beta-oxidation, fatty acids are
anabolized to yield acetyl CoA molecules for conversion to glucose
converted to triglycerides and stored in adipocytes
oxidized to yield acetyl CoA molecules for the citric acid cycle
formed in the cytoplasm and used for amino acid synthesis
oxidized to yield acetyl CoA molecules for the citric acid cycle
which of the following statements is true?
ketone bodies are produced from acetyl CoA molecules
when excess amino acids are consumed, acetyl CoA molecules accumulate in cytoplasm
acetyl CoA molecules enter the electron transport chain
accumulated acetyl CoA can be converted to pyruvate
ketone bodies are produced from acetyl CoA molecules
which of the following best describes the most likely fate of excess glucose molecules in the body after a meal?
liver cells convert the excess glucose molecules to glycogen
mitochondrial enzymes in the adrenal glands anabolize the excess glucose to amino acids for storage in muscle protein
the kidneys degrade the excess glucose molecules into urea for elimination in urine
intestinal cells use excess glucose molecules to synthesize ketone bodies
liver cells convert the excess glucose molecules to glycogen
metabolic postabsorptive responses are mainly under the influence of
glucagon
cortisol
progesterone
insulin
insulin
glucagon instructs liver cells to
synthesize fatty acids
synthesize glycogen to store glucose
degrade glycogen to release glucose
degrade insulin
degrade glycogen to release glucose
during prolonged fasting, the following pathways are all active, except
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
ketogenesis
fatty acid synthesis
fatty acid synthesis
the cells of an obese person may
become insulin resistant
increase their catabolism of thiamin
become hypermetabolic
increase their synthesis of glucose from fatty acids
become insulin resistant
alcohol metabolism in the liver can result in all of the following, except
production of acetyl CoA
synthesis of glucose
synthesis of fatty acids
production of acetaldehyde
synthesis of glucose
____ has riboflavin in its chemical structure
NAD+
FADH2
PLP
Coenzyme A
FADH2
which of the following hormones promotes glycogenesis?
insulin
cortisol
glucagon
epinephrine
insulin
Kenny’s BAC is 0.025. at this BAC, you would expect him to be
relaxed
angry
in a stupor
in a coma
relaxed
low to moderate amounts of alcohol are metabolized through the
microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
pyruvate dehydrogenase shuttle
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
beta-oxidation pathway
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway
Does not change the the chemical composition food, but facilitates chemical digestion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion
Smoking cigarettes increases the risks of peptic ulcers.
T/F
T
Probiotics
are bacteria that my benefit the intestinal health of their human hosts
cause diarrhea and intestinal bleeding in people with IBS and other chronic bowel diseases
are phytochemicals in citrus foods
contain live viruses
are bacteria that my benefit the intestinal health of their human hosts
Choose all that apply
H. Pylori infection
Spinach
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Genetics
Water
H. Pylori Infection
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Genetics
Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Bladder
liver
Mechanical digestion begins in the
mouth
stomach
small intestine
liver
mouth
_____ move(s) food from the back of the mouth, through the esophagus, and into the stomach
Sphincters
Peristalsis
Reflux
Segmentation
Peristalsis
Chemical digestion of _____ begins in the mouth.
nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
water-soluble vitamins
carbohydrates
Dumping syndrome often occurs after a person
eats too much fiber
takes antacids
is dehydrated
has stomach surgery
has stomach surgery
As food moves through the small intestine, the semiliquid mass is called
bile
bolus
chyme
bicarbonate
chyme
____ are tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients.
Crypts
Villi
Papillae
Diverticula
villi
Gastric glands secrete
bile
intrinsic factor
salivary amylase
lysozyme
intrinsic factor
Saliva contains
lysozyme
Hydrochloric acid
bile
cholecystokinin
lysozyme
Bile is made in the
pancreas
gallbladder
liver
small intestine
liver
What is the approximate pH of stomach’s contents as it passes through the pylorus
2.0
4.5
7
9.5
2.0
Probiotics
are bacteria that may benefit the intestinal health of their human hosts
cause diarrhea and intestinal bleeding in people with IBS and other chronic diseases.
are phytochemical in citrus foods
contain live viruses
are bacteria that may benefit the intestinal health of their human hosts
Absorption of nutrients occurs primarily in the
stomach
large intestine
small intestine
pancreas
small intestine
After being absorbed, which nutrients leave the GI tract through the lymphatic system?
most fats and fat soluble vitamins
Proteins and phytochemicals
Sugars and fiber
Water-soluble vitamins
most fats and fat soluble vitamins
Which of the following practices increases the risk of peptic ulcer?
chewing gum
smoking cigarettes
Drinking orange juice
Eating a low fiber diet
smoking cigarettes
Order the following from highest Glycemic index to lowest (lowest will be on bottom and highest on top.)
apple, raw
orange juice
french fries
potato, Russet, baked
baked potato
french fries
orange juice
raw apple
Which artificial sweetener must be avoided by a person with PKU?
Stevioside
Sucralose
Saccharin
Aspartame
Aspartame
Which of the following is NOT a sign of Metabolic Syndrome?
Low BMI
Large waist circumference
Hypertension
High fasting blood glucose
Low BMI
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease
T/F
True
Which of the following is NOT a Modifiable Risk Factor for Atherosclerosis?
unhealthy diet
Increasing age
Physical inactivity
Hypertension
Increasing age
Fats in foods
add taste and contribute to satiety
are rapidly digested and absorbed
carry water-soluble nutrients
should be removed before cooking
add taste and contribute to satiety
Solid fats generally have a high proportion of _____ fatty acids
unsaturated
saturated
polyunsaturated
monounsaturated
saturated
Which of the following foods is the richest source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
Whipped butter
Whole milk
Olive oil
Coconut oil
Olive oil
Which of the following statements is true?
Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
Trans fats are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
The human body converts dietary fiber into omega-3 fatty acids
Certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
Trans fatty acids are
naturally found in many foods
a by-product of the partial-hydrogenation process
essential for good health
eliminated in urine and feces
a by-product of the partial-hydrogenation process
Which of the following statements is false?
Phospholipids are in cell membranes
Phospholipids act as emulsifiers
Phospholipids are partially soluble in water
Phospholipids act as antioxidants
Phospholipids are partially soluble in water
Cholesterol is
not synthesized by the human body
found only in animal foods.
toxic to human cells
metabolized for energy
found only in animal foods.
The primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the
stomach
liver
small intestine
gallbladder
small intestine
Intestinal absorptive cells package triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids into _____ for transport in blood
chylomicrons
bile salts
emulsifiers
stanols
chylomicrons
Lipoproteins
are water insoluble
transport lipids in the bloodstream
contain glucose
cause heart attacks
transport lipids in the bloodstream
. The _____ is the main site of bile salt reabsorption.
colon
jejunum
duodenum
ileum
ileum
Homocysteine is a(n)
form of folate, a B vitamin
nondigestible lipid
possible risk factor for CVD
essential amino acid in dairy products
possible risk factor for CVD
HDL cholesterol is
made in the large intestine
commonly called “bad” cholesterol
a lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues
an essential fatty acid
a lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues
Egg yolks
are a concentrated source of cholesterol
should be eliminated from the diet
may decrease one’s risk of steatorrhea
provide little nutritional value
are a concentrated source of cholesterol
Which of the following foods is most likely to be contaminated with methylmercury?
Apple
Beef
Celery
Salmon
Salmon
A protein
is comprised of glucose molecules
has nitrogen in its chemical structure
provides more energy per gram than carbohydrate
. is a complex inorganic molecule
has nitrogen in its chemical structure
Which of the following statements is false?
Certain hormones are proteins
Nearly all enzymes are proteins
Proteins are part of triglycerides
The body uses protein to make antibodies
Proteins are part of triglycerides
Which of the following foods is not a source of complete protein?
Peanut butter
Cheese
Fish
Eggs
Peanut Butter
In cells, _____ controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins
food
DNA
insulin
AMDR
DNA
_____ is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid.
Transamination
Denaturation
Hydrogenation
Deamination
Deamination
Following the breakdown of an amino acid, the remaining nitrogen is converted into urea in the _____ and then filtered by the _____ for excretion.
kidneys; kidneys
pancreas; large intestine
liver; kidneys
gallbladder; liver
liver; kidneys
Which of the following life stage or physical state is characterized by negative nitrogen balance?
Starvation
Pregnancy
Puberty
Infancy
Starvation
What is the RDA for protein of a healthy adult woman who weighs 62 kg?
49.6 g
59.6 g
69.6 g
79.6 g
49.6 g
A person following a vegan diet would eat
eggs
cheese
nuts
fish
nuts
By eating more protein than needed, a person can
build bigger muscles
lose weight
absorb more calcium
become dehydrated.
build bigger muscles
People with celiac disease should
take amino acid supplements.
limit their protein intake to 20 g per day.
avoid foods that contain gluten.
eliminate protein from plant sources.
avoid foods that contain gluten.
Which of the following foods is most likely to cause an allergic reaction?
Shellfish
Corn
Apples
Broccoli
Shellfish
When a protein chain begins to coil, its _____ structure forms.
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
secondary
Protein digestion begins in the
liver
small intestine
mouth
stomach
stomach
A person with PKU should avoid
aspartame
bread
corn
fruit
aspartame
Select the following conditions that may occur with a High BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) level
Liver Failure
CHF
Heart attack
Overhydration
GI bleeding
CHF
GI bleeding
Which food would person diagnosed with PKU be able to eat without hesitation
aspartame
eggs
spinach
nuts
spinach
Deamination is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid.
True
False
True
The adult RDA for is ________ of body weight daily.
1.2 g/kg
0.2 kg/kg
0.5 g/mg
0.8g/kg
0.8g/kg
