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Applied Chemistry > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of matter?

A

Anything that occups space and has mass

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2
Q

What do the number of protons indicate?

A

The identity of the atom/element.

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3
Q

What does the number of neutrons indicate?

A

The isotope of the element.

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4
Q

What do the number of electrons indicate?

A

The charge on the compound.

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5
Q

Definition of a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined in an arrangement.

Can be the same atom (O2).

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6
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A substance containing 1 type of matter.

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7
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be seperated in simpler substances.

Iron

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8
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of 2 or more elements that can be seperated into simpler substances.

Table Salt

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9
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Matter consisting of 2 or more pure substances that can be seperated by physical methods.

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10
Q

What is a homogenous mixture?

A

Mixture that has uniform composition

Air

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11
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture?

A

Mixture is not unifrom in composition.

Soil sample or salad dressing

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12
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Chage that alter appearance or state, but not the composition.

Water changing from solid, liquid, and gas.

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13
Q

What is the difference is melting and freezing point?

A

They’re the same, depends on what way the temperature is trending

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14
Q

What is vaporization?

A

Liquid to gas

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15
Q

What is condensation?

A

Gas to liquid

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16
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas to solid

frost

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17
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Solid to gas

Dry ice

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18
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Change that alters chemical compisition; creates different substances

Iron rusting

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19
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Odor, taste, color, melting, and boiling point

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20
Q

What are chemical changes?

A

Corrosiveness, flammibilty, acidity, toxicity

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21
Q

Atomic theory states:

A

-Each element is composed of atoms
-All atoms of the same element have same properties
-Atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds
-Atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. They only change the way they are bound together

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22
Q

Where are the alkali metals?

A

Group 1

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23
Q

Where are the alkaline earth metals?

A

Group 2

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24
Q

Where are the halogens?

A

Group 17

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25
Q

Where are the noble gases?

A

Group 18

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26
Q

What are the main group elements?

A

Groups 1,2,13-18.

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27
Q

What are the transition elements?

A

Groups 3-12

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28
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

The number of protons

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29
Q

What does the mass number represent?

A

The number of protons and neutrons.

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30
Q

What is the molar mass or atomic mass?

A

Average mass of an element based on the mass of the isotopes. Molar mass is g/mol

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31
Q

How can you determine the number of valence electrons?

A

Groups 1-12 is group number. Groups 13-18, group number minus 10.

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32
Q

How can you calculate the number of core electrons?

A

The number of electrons minus the valence electrons.

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33
Q

How do you know how many electrons an element has?

A

The atomic number, same as protons, plus or minus its charge.

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34
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

outermost electrons that occupy highest energy levels; involved in chemical binding

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35
Q

Describe how to write the electron configuration of an element.

A

Remember - highest energy orbitals are valence, unless lower level is not completely filled, then it is also a part of the valence electrons.

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36
Q

Pick an element and write the electron configuration for that element

A
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37
Q

What’s an anion?

A

An atom that gains an electron

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38
Q

What’s a cation?

A

An atom that loses an electron

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39
Q

Where are electrons lost and gained from?

A

The valence shell/highest orbital level

40
Q

What are the periodic trends for atomic charges?

A

Group 1 is 1+, Group 2 is 2+, Group 17 is 1-, Group 16 is 2-, Group 15 is 3-, Group 13 can be 3+ or 3- depending.

they want to obtain a configuration to that of the nearest noble gas.

41
Q

What is the trend for atomic size on the periodic table?

A

Increases down and to the left

42
Q

What is the trend for electronegativity on the periodic table?

A

Decreases down and to the left.

43
Q

What are the symbols and names for elements 1-20, as well as the others listed in class?

A
44
Q

What is the empirical forumla of a compound?

A

The simplest whole number ration of the atoms in a compound

Molecular compounds are not reduced, only ionic

45
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The exact number of each type of atom in a compound

46
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The exact number and exact manner each atom is bound together.

47
Q

How should you order elements in a chemical forumla?

A

CHXNOS

Where X is a halogen

48
Q

How do you determine the chemical formula for ionic compounds?

A

Write the ions first, look at the charges, balance the charges, simplify if possible.

49
Q

What would the chemical formula be formed from Mg and N?

A

Mg3N2

50
Q

How do you name ionic compounds?

A

name of cation (metal) + base name of anion (nonmetal) + -ide

KCl = potassium chloride

51
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for Acetate?

A

C2H3O2-

52
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for Carbonate?

A

CO3(2-)

53
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for bicarbonate?

A

HCO3-

54
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for hydroxide?

A

OH-

55
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for nitrite?

A

NO2-

56
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for nitrate?

A

NO3-

57
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for chromate?

A

CrO4(2-)

58
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for dichromate?

A

Cr2O7(2-)

59
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for phosphate?

A

PO4(3-)

60
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for hydrogen phosphate?

A

HPO4(2-)

61
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for dihydrogen phosphate?

A

H2PO4(-)

62
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for ammonium?

A

NH4+

Only polyatomic cation

63
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for hypochlorite?

A

ClO-

64
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for chlorite?

A

ClO2(-)

65
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for chlorate?

A

ClO3(-)

66
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for perchlorate?

A

ClO4(-)

67
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for sulfite?

A

SO3(2-)

68
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for bisulfite?

A

HSO3(-)

69
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for sulfate?

A

SO4(2-)

70
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for bisulfate?

A

HSO4(-)

71
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for cyanide?

A

CN-

72
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for iodate?

A

IO3-

73
Q

Polyatomic ions

Formula for bromate?

A

BrO3-

74
Q

How do you name ionic compouds with transition metals?

A

Determine ion charge of cation using:
-(anion subscript)(anion charge)/cation subscript
Then indicate the ion charge using roman numerals in parenthesis

Ex: Cr(PO4)2 is Chromium (VI) phosphate

75
Q

How do you name molecular compounds?

A

prefix + name of 1st element + prefix + base name of 2nd + ide

76
Q

How do you name binary acids?

A

hydro + base name of nonmetal + ic + acid

HCl = hydrochloric acid

77
Q

How do you name oxoacids?

A

Oxyanion ending with -ate = base name of oxyanion + -ic+ acid
Oxyanion ending with -ite = base name oxyanion + -ous + acid

78
Q

What is the chemical formula for Tin (IV) sulfate?

A

Sn(SO4)2

79
Q

Define an ionic bond?

A

nonmetal and metal, where the metal transfers it’s electron to the nonmetal

80
Q

Define a covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared between two non metals.

81
Q

What is nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared equally

C-C, C-H

82
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

electrons are shared unequally between atoms

83
Q

What are the 2 transition metals that have predictable charges?

A

Zn 2+, Ag +

84
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX2?

A

MG: Linear
EG: Linear
Bond angle: 180 degrees

85
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX3?

A

MG: Trigonal planar
EG: Trigonal planar
Bond angle: 120

86
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX2E?

A

MG: Bent
EG: Trigonal Planar
Bond angle: <120

87
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX4?

A

MG: Tetrahedral
EG: Tetrahedral
Bond angle: 109.5

88
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX3E?

A

MG: Trigonal pyramidal
EG: Tetrahedral
Bond angle: <109.5

89
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX2E2?

A

MG: Bent
EG: Tetrahedral
Bond angle: <109.5

90
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX5?

A

MG: Trigonal bipyramidal
EG: Trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angle: 180, 120, 90

91
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX4E?

A

MG: See-saw
EG: Trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angle: 180, 90

92
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX3E2?

A

MG: T-shaped
EG: Trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angle: 180, 90

93
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX2E3?

A

MG: Linear
EG: Trigonal bypyramidal
Bond angle: 180

94
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX6?

A

MG: Octahedral
EG: Octahedral
Bond angle: 180, 90

95
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX5E?

A

MG: Square pyramidal
EG: Octahedral
Bond angle: 180, 90

96
Q

MG, EG, and bond angle for AX4E2?

A

MG: Square Planar
EG: Octahedral
Bond angle: 180 ,90

Applied Chemistry (12 decks)

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