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Geology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Earth’s internal heat engine is powered by

A

radioactive decay and nuclear fission

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2
Q

Which of the following are not considered part of the Earth’s external heat engine

A

volcanoes

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3
Q

In the equation E=Mc^2, the c stands for

A

a constant equal to the speed of light

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4
Q

The energy to drive Earth’s surface processess comes from

A

the sun

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5
Q

Oceanic and continental crust differ in

A

Composition, density, thickness

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6
Q

you would find ocean trenches where

A

plates are converging

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7
Q

In California we have what type of plate boundry?

A

Transform

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8
Q

The Mariana trench has its origins as a

A

Subduction zone near an island arc

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9
Q

The Red sea is an example of a

A

Diverging boundry

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10
Q

The force that moves the plates is

A

heat energy from internal convection

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11
Q

Japan is near a

A

Subduction zone

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12
Q

A zone of earthquakes that traces the path of a subductiong plate into the mantle is called

A

Benioff zone

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13
Q

The advantages of living in Iceland, such as plenty of inexpensive hot water and central heating, are due to its location

A

on a diverging boundry

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14
Q

Which tectonic plate are you on right now?

A

Pacific

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15
Q

Magma rise from the mantle to form new crust at

A

Mid-ocean ridges

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16
Q

subduction occurs

A

Trenches

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17
Q

Which was not produced by hot spot in the mantle?

A

Japan

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18
Q

85% of the Earth’s colume is

A

Mantle

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19
Q

An element is always

A

made of one type of atom

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20
Q

The atomic particle with a negative electrical charge and a mass of 0 AMU is the

A

Electron

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21
Q

The particles that are exchanged between atoms and are the only one involved in chemical or electrical reactions are

A

Electrons

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22
Q

Since the atomic number of C is 6 the isotope 13c must have

A

7 neutrons

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23
Q

An element that usually gives up electrons in a chemical reactions is called

A

metal

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24
Q

an atom becomes a cation by

A

losing an electron

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25
Q

All the atoms of a particular element have the same number of

A

protons

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26
Q

The chemical bond that is strongest is

A

Covalent

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27
Q

The type of chemical bond that is easily broken by water molecules is the

A

Ionic

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28
Q

The most common element in the earth’s crust is

A

Oxygen

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29
Q

An example of an amorphous solid is

A

glass

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30
Q

Which of the following is not a mineral

A

wood

31
Q

a mineral must be

A

Solid

32
Q

Which property is useful in identifying almost all minerals

A

hardness

33
Q

A mineral that breaks into flat sheets has excellent

A

Cleavage

34
Q

The property of minerals that is the most variable and often misleading is

A

Color

35
Q

If you notice that a small sample of a particular mineral is very heavy, what physical property are you observing

A

Specific gravity

36
Q

Which of the following minerals will scratch glass

A

quartz

37
Q

The acid test is used to identify the mineral

A

Calcite

38
Q

If a mineral has covalent bonds in one direction and ionic bonds in another it will have

A

good cleavage

39
Q

According to steno’s las, all the crystals of a particular mineral must have the same

A

Angles between faces

40
Q

According to Bowen’s reaction series, the first minerals to crystallize out of magma will be plagioclase feldspar and

A

Olivine

41
Q

According to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral will form at the same time as biotite

A

sodium-rich plagioclase fedlspar

42
Q

The continuous branch of Bowen’s reaction series contains the mineral

A

Plagioclase feldspar

43
Q

How will a magma produced by partial melting differ from the rock that was melther

A

More Felsic

44
Q

The most common group of minerals are the

A

Feldspars

45
Q

Hematite, magnetite and pyrite all contain

A

Iron

46
Q

Graphite and diamond are both made of the element

A

Carbon

47
Q

Silica tetrahedra contain a silicon atom surrounded by how many oxygen atoms?

A

4

48
Q

The sheet silicate mineral groups are the micas and the

A

Clay minerals

49
Q

Which of the following is not a framework silicate?

A

Pyroxene

50
Q

A rock with a glassy texture has

A

No crystals

51
Q

A rock with phaneritic texture has

A

Large Crystals

52
Q

An igneous structure that cuts across the bedding in older rocks (is discordant) is called a

A

dike

53
Q

The rate that the temperature increases with depth in the earth is called a

A

geothermal gradient

54
Q

Pillow lavas form when

A

the eruption is underwater

55
Q

a rock made of solidified colvanic ash is called

A

tuff

56
Q

smooth lava is called

A

pahoehoe

57
Q

the largest volcanoes are

A

shield volcanoes

58
Q

Crater lake is an example of a

A

caldera

59
Q

The type of volcanoe made entirely of pyroclastic material is

A

cinder cone

60
Q

What California ski resort is located on an active volcano

A

Mammoth Mountain

61
Q

In a phreatic eruption what gas comes out of the volcano

A

Steam

62
Q

A mudflow created by a volcano is called

A

Lahar

63
Q

The Deccan Traps in India formed at the same time as

A

the extinction of dinosaurs

64
Q

Maurice and Katiya Krafft

A

were killed in a pyroclastic flow in Japan

65
Q

Exfoliation is a type of mechanical weathering caused by

A

Pressure changes

66
Q

The wind “sand-blasting” a rock is an example of what weathering process

A

Abrasion

67
Q

The silicate mineral that most resists chemical weathering is

A

Quartz

68
Q

Aluminum oxides and clay are produced when what minerals are weathered

A

feldspars

69
Q

The most important natural acid for rock weathering is

A

Carbonic

70
Q

The top layer in a soil profile is usually the

A

O

71
Q

Minerals accumulate in which soil horizon

A

B

72
Q

Tropical rainforests have what type of soil

A

Laterite

73
Q

Tropical rainforests have soils that are

A

very nutrient-poor

Geology (10 decks)

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