Exam 1

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture

Answer 1

subject standing straight, eyes direced anterioly, upper extremity by sides with palms forward, lower extremities close together, feet parallel toes forward

Question 2

Anatomical planes

Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture

Answer 2

Question 3

Terms of relationship and comparison

Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture

Answer 3

Superficial/deep
medial/lateral
anterior/posterior
proximal/distal
superior inferior/

Question 4

Terms of laterality
bilateral
unilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral

Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture

Answer 4

Bilateral- Both sides
Unilateral- One side
Ipsilateral- Same side
Contralateral- Opposite side

Question 5

Terms of movement
Flexion/Extension
-Abduction/Adduction
-Rotation
-Circumduction
-Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation
-Elevation/Depression
-Pronation/Supination
-Protrusion/Retrusion
-Protraction/Retraction

Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture

Answer 5

Flexion/Extension= flexion is bending or decreasing the angle, extension is straightening or increasing angle (typically found in saggital plane and transverse axis)
-Abduction/Adduction= abduction is moving away from the median plane , adduction is moving towards it
-Rotation= turning over revolving apart of the body around its longitudinal axis
-Circumduction= circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in such a way the distal end of the part moves in a circle
-Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation- medial rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, and lateral rotation takes the anterior surface away from the median plane
-Elevation/Depression- elevation raises or moves a part superiorly (ex. elevating the shoulders when shrugging). Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly (ex. pulling the tongue away from the palate)
-Pronation/Supination= pronation rotates radius medially so that the palm faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly, supination is the opposite rotational movement, rotating radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna
-Protrusion/Retrusion= protrusion is a movement anteriorly as in protruding the mandible, lips or tongue
-Protraction/Retraction=causes shoulders to move anteriorly or posteriorly

Question 6

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Distinguish the parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Be able to identify bones in
each region. p.19, fig I.11

Answer 6

Appendicular= consists of bones of the limbs, including thee forming of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
Axial= bones of the head, neck, and trunk ( includes sacrum)

Question 7

1)Fibrous Joints
2) Cartilaginous Joints
3) Synovial Joints

Classify joints by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and provide examples of
each joint type. p. 24-26

Answer 7

Fibrous Joints=
Sutures (of the Skull)
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

2) Cartilaginous Joints
Primary cartilaginous joints
- epiphyseal plate
Secondary cartilaginous joints
- symphysis
(pubic,intervertebral disks)

Patty Hates Sore Cool People Biting
Plane= Uniaxial, allows rotational movement (c1 and c2)
-Hinge= Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension (knee, elbow)
-Saddle= biaxial allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements movements (first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
-Condyloid= biaxial joint, allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction. and circumduction movements. (radiocarpal joint of wrist)
-Pivot= multiaxial joint, allows inervsion/eversion, or flexion/extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral columm ( intertarsal joints of foot)
-Ball and Socket= multiaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumducton, and medial/lateral rotation movments (shoulder and hip joints)

Question 8

What vertebrae and primary and secondary curvatures? Describe curvature of each

p. 104-105 Identify and describe the curvatures of the vertebral column. Know which
are primary and which are secondary. Distinguish between the typical and altered
curvatures of the vertebral column p. 115-117. Consider how alterations to the vertebral
curvatures would affect other structures of the vertebral column (e.g. muscles, ligaments

Answer 8

Cervical +Lumbar= lordosis (inward) and are secondary curavtures. Appear as a result of weightbearing
Thoracic + sacral= kypohsis (outward) and are primary curvatures. They are present at birth and dont change

Question 9

Describe scoliosis, excessive lordosis and kyphosis

p. 104-105 Identify and describe the curvatures of the vertebral column. Know which
are primary and which are secondary. Distinguish between the typical and altered
curvatures of the vertebral column p. 115-117. Consider how alterations to the vertebral
curvatures would affect other structures of the vertebral column (e.g. muscles, ligaments

Answer 9

Question 10

Atlas vertebrae(c1)

Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85

Answer 10

Question 11

Axis vertebrae (c2)

Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85

Answer 11

Question 12

Cervical vertebrae

what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets

Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85

Answer 12

Has a transverse foramen, anterior and posterior tuberecles, blifid spinous process, facets run superioly and inferiouly they also are slightly horizontal

Question 13

Thoracic Vertebrae

what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets

Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85

Answer 13

long spinous processes that point downward, vertical articular facets (superior facet direction slightly laterally, inferior directed slightly medially), transverse proceses have faces that articular with ribs

Question 14

Lumbar verterabrae

what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets

Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85

Answer 14

short spious proceses, massive body,vertical facets. Superior facets directed medially, inferior facets directed laterally)

Question 15

Zygapophyseal joints location, type, and amount of mobility

Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility
allowed. p. 97-100 (zygapophyseal joints, IVD symphysis, uncovertebral joints

Answer 15

they are the Joints of the vertebral arches between the superior and inferior artiuclar proceses
- plane synovial joints (uniaxial allows one movement), movement is gliding

Question 16

Intervertebral Discs (IV)

IV location, type, and amount of mobility

Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility
allowed. p. 97-100 (zygapophyseal joints, IVD symphysis, uncovertebral joints

Answer 16

between the vertebral bodies, shock absorbers, each disk forms a fibrocartaliginous joint

Question 17

Unconvertebral joints

Common site of what? what type of joint, what location

Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility

Answer 17

common site of bone spur formation, synovial joints, found in cercial vertebrae C3-C7

Question 18

Anatomical reason for intertebral disc herniations

Describe the structure of the intervertebral disc (identify the parts of the disc) and
explain the anatomical basis for the typical intervertebral disc herniation. p. 97;109-110

Answer 18

Herniations are most common in lumbar region because they experience the most forces
Can withstand compressive and tensile forces, cant withstand shear forces well during rotation

Herniations are most common in the posterior direction because the nucleus polposus is located to the posterior side, also because posterior longitudinal ligament is smaller and weaker than anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 19

Anterior lognitudinal ligament

Location? Function?

Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101

Answer 19

Function= limits extension, all others ligaments limit flexion
Location= covers anteriolateral aspect of the vertebral bodies

Question 20

Posterior Longitudinal ligament

Location? Function?

Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101

Answer 20

much weaker and narrower compared to anterior longitudinal liagament
Location= runs along vertebral bodies
Function= resists hyperflexion, prevents posterior herniations

Question 21

Nuchal Ligament (ligamentum nuchae)

Location?

Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101

Answer 21

Location= runs from external occipital protuberence across the tips of cervical spinous processes

Question 22

Supraspinous Ligament

Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101

Answer 22

Continous with nuchal ligament, goes from c7 to sacrum

Question 23

Spinal bifida

Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is
altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis,
spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture

Question 24

Ligamentum Flavvum

Location, Function

Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101

Answer 24

the yellow ligament helps preserve the normal curvatures of the vertebral column, bind each lamina together

Question 25

# Spinal bifida Common cause of spinal bifida?What is it classified as? How to reduce chances of it? Effect on vertebral structure? ## Footnote Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture

Answer 25

Failure of the vertebral laminae to fuse to form the spinous process is associated with spina bifida Spina bifida occulta most common version, when neural arches of L5 and S1 fail to devleop normally. Bony defect is present in 24% of population. In the severe types spina bifida, spinda bifida cystica, one or more vertebral arches fail to develop completely reduced with maternal prenatal intake of folic acid

Question 26

# Spinal Stenosis Effect on vertebral structure? More common in what population? ## Footnote Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture

Answer 26

narrowing of vertebral foramen (vertebral canal) due to calcifications or bone deposition– may impinge upon the spinal cord more common with aging

Question 27

# spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolithesis Effect on vertebral anatomy of each ## Footnote Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture

Answer 27

spondylosis= Intervertebral disc narrows-allowing vertebral bodies to approach one another—may result in bone spurs or degenerative changes leading to pain (e.g. pressure on the nerve root) spondylolysis= fracture through the pars interarticularis (scottie dog with collar) spondylolithesis= fracture through pars interarticularis accompanied by anterior displacement of the vertebral body (scottie dog decapitated) can be caused from trauma like from football or gymnastics

Question 28

# Lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5 Effect on vertebral anatomy ## Footnote Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture

Answer 28

Lumbardization of S1 -S1/S2 more mobile; occurs in about 2-8% of the population Sacralization of L5 -L5 fuses to S1; occurs in about 3-6% of the population; L5/S1 is less mobile than usual case

Question 29

Name the Superficial muscles of the vertebral column. Include, location, general bone attachment sites, action, innervation of muscles. ## Footnote p. 117-125 Identify the location, general bone attachment sites (as mentioned in class), action, and innervation of the muscles of the vertebral column. Determine the relationship of each muscle (e.g. superficial, deep, medial, lateral, etc.) to the other muscles of the region.

Answer 29

Splenius Muscles (splenius capitis and splenius cervicis) Origin/Proximal attachment= Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of c7-t6 Insertion/Distal attachment: Splenius capitis= fibers run superolaterally (above and to the side) to mastoid process and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone Splenius cervicis= tubereclees of transverse process of c1-c3/c4 vertebrae Nerve supply= posterio rami of spinal nerves Main actions: Acting unilaterally= laterally flex neck Acting bilaterall= extend head and neck

Question 30

Name the intermediate level of muscle acting on vertebral column. Include attachment sites, nerve supply, and action ## Footnote p. 117-125 Identify the location, general bone attachment sites (as mentioned in class), action, and innervation of the muscles of the vertebral column. Determine the relationship of each muscle (e.g. superficial, deep, medial, lateral, etc.) to the other muscles of the region.

Answer 30

Erector Spinae (Illiocostalis, Longissiumus, spinalis) Fibers run medial to lateral Proximal attachment/ origin= arises by broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacurm Distal attachment/Insertion: Illiocostalis= fibers run superioly to angle of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes Longissiumus= fibers run superioly to ribs between tuberecles and angles to transerve processes Spinalis= fibers run superioly to spinous processes in upper thoracic region and to cranium Nerve supply= posterior rami of spinal nerves Action: Acting bilaterally= extend vertebral column and head Acting unilaterally= laterally flex vertebral column

Question 31

# Semispinalis (deep muscle of transversospinalis) Include attachment sites, nerve supply, and action ## Footnote p. 117-125 Identify the location, general bone attachment sites (as mentioned in class), action, and innervation of the muscles of the vertebral column. Determine the relationship of each muscle (e.g. superficial, deep, medial, lateral, etc.) to the other muscles of the region.

Answer 31

Semispinalis fiber direction is lateral to medial proximal attachment/origin= arise from transverse processes of c4-t12 distal attachment/ insertion= fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions nerve supply= posterior rami of spinal nerves All transversospinalis muscles help with extension! Action= extends head and thoracic, rottates them contralaterally

Question 32

# Multifidus (deep muscle of transversospinalis) Include attachment sites, nerve supply, and action ## Footnote p. 117-125 Identify the location, general bone attachment sites (as mentioned in class), action, and innervation of the muscles of the vertebral column. Determine the relationship of each muscle (e.g. superficial, deep, medial, lateral, etc.) to the other muscles of the region.

Answer 32

Proximal attachment/origin= arises from posterior sacrum, posterior superior iliac spine of the illium Distal attachment/insertion= thickest in lumbar region, fibers pass obliquely superomedially to entire lenght of spinous processes Nerve supply= posterior rami of spinal nerve Action= stabilize vertebrae during local movements

Question 33

# Rotatores (brevis and longus) deep muscle of transversopinalis Include attachment sites, nerve supply, and action ## Footnote p. 117-125 Identify the location, general bone attachment sites (as mentioned in class), action, and innervation of the muscles of the vertebral column. Determine the relationship of each muscle (e.g. superficial, deep, medial, lateral, etc.) to the other muscles of the region.

Answer 33

Proximal attachment/ origin= arise from transverse process of vertebrae, best developed in thoracic region Distal attachment/insertion= fibers pass superomedially to attach to lamina and transverse processes Nerve supply= posterio rami of spinal nerves Action= stabilizate vertebrae, assist with local extension

Question 34

Meningeal layers? ## Footnote Spinal Cord p. 130-139 Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. Identify the meningeal layers

Answer 34

PAD, deep to superficial Pia Mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater Epidural space (between periosteum) and Subarachnoid (between arachnoid mater and pia mater) space are also associated with spinal meninges

Question 35

What fluid is found within subaarachnoid space? ## Footnote Spinal Cord p. 130-139 Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. Identify the meningeal layers

Answer 35

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is found within the subarachnoid space. It bathes the spinal cord and cushions it against forces

Question 36

What type of nerves are dorsal and ventral nerves? What are they both? ## Footnote Spinal Cord p. 130-139 Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. Identify the meningeal layers

Answer 36

dorsal roots= sensory nerves ventral root= motor nerves both ventral and dorsal roots are spinal nerves spinal nerves divide into rami (dorsal and ventral)

Question 37

Explain the numering of spinal nerves? ## Footnote Analyze the relationship of the spinal cord to the bones of the vertebral column. Determine how spinal nerves are numbered. Fig 2.44

Answer 37

All cervical vertebraes nerves are above the vetebrae of that number. Ex: C4s spinal nerve is above it. all other regions the spinal nerve is under the vertebrae

Question 38

somatomor, somotosensory? ## Footnote Describe the structure of a typical spinal nerve in the thoracic region. Identify the types of nerve cells (somatomotor, somatosensory, or both) found in each component. Trace the path of somatosensory and somatomotor nerves as they travel to or from skin and muscle of the anterior and posterior body. Know the function and location of the rami communitcantes (also see Introduction, p.49-52

Answer 38

somatic motor fibers= send impulses to skeletal muscles somatosensory system= produce touch, temp, body posiiton, and pain

Question 39

Function and location of rami communications in all regions ## Footnote Describe the structure of a typical spinal nerve in the thoracic region. Identify the types of nerve cells (somatomotor, somatosensory, or both) found in each component. Trace the path of somatosensory and somatomotor nerves as they travel to or from skin and muscle of the anterior and posterior body. Know the function and location of the rami communitcantes (also see Introduction, p.49-52

Answer 39

In the cervical and lumbar/sacral region– ventral rami form a nerve plexus (plexus= network) to supply the muscles and skin of the extremities Brachial plexus- upper extremity Lumbosacral plexus-lower extremity In the thoracic region- ventral rami travel to the ventral body surface (as intercostal nerves)

Question 40

Procedure for spinal tap? ## Footnote Describe the procedure for a spinal tap. Explain the anatomical basis for the location of the needle puncture. Identify and determine the order of structures pierced by the needle. p. 138

Answer 40

Its the removal of CSF from the lumbar cistern (space between the medually cone and termination of dural sac). Procedure is done by patient flexing vertebral column.. This spreads apart the vertebral laminae and spinous processes. Needl goes in L4-L5 space

Question 41

Determine the anatomical basis of the lumbar cistern: what vertebral level does the adult spinal cord end? What vertebral level does the dural sac end?

Answer 41

lumbar cistern= space between the medually cone and termination of dural sac adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 vertebral bodies dural sec ends at S2

Question 42

What happens to the vertebral column and spinal cord in the fetal period

Answer 42

During the fetal period, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord

Question 43

Blood supply of the cross sectional areas? Where do they run to? ## Footnote Describe the blood supply of the spinal cord p. 137-138

Answer 43

Two small posterior spinal arteries supply the posterior 1/3 of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord The anterior spinal artery supplies approximately 2/3 of the anterior cross-sectional area of the spinal cord All of these arteries run from the medulla of the brainstem to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

Question 44

What rises from the anterior spinal artery? ## Footnote Describe the blood supply of the spinal cord p. 137-138

Answer 44

Sulcal arteries arise from the anterior spinal artery, they supply two thirds of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord

Question 45

How many anterior and posterior spinal veins ? ## Footnote Describe the blood supply of the spinal cord p. 137-138

Answer 45

3 of each. Are drained by up to 12 anterior and posterior medullary and radicular veins

Question 46

## Footnote Define a dermatome and myotome. (see also p. 51)

Answer 46

dermatome= single spinal nerve supplying an area of skin, dorsal root Myotome: single spinal nerve supplying skeletal muscles, ventral root,

Question 47

# Platysma Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action ## Footnote identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)

Answer 47

on anterior side of neck Origin= inferior border of mandible, skin Insertion= fascia covering superior parts of deltoid and pectoralis major Innervatiin= cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII) Action= draws corner of mouth interioly and widnes for expressions of sadness and fright

Question 48

# Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action ## Footnote identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)

Answer 48

Origin= lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone Insertion= sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium Clavicular head: superior surface of medial third of clavicle Innervation= spinal acessory nerve (CN XI, motor) Main Action= unilateral contraciton: laterally flexes neck and rotates it bilateral contraction= extends neck at atlantooccipital joints, flexes cervical vertebrae so chin appraoches manubrium, extends superior cervical vertebrae

Question 49

# Trapezius Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action ## Footnote identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)

Answer 49

extrinsic muscle, posterior superior superficial surface of back origin= medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberence, nuchal ligament Insertion= lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula Innervation= spinal acessory nerve (CN XI; motor) Main action= elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula inferioly

Question 50

# mgsd Suprahyoid Muscles Identify the four suprahyoid muscles, short OIIA of each ## Footnote Identify the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles (Table 9.3; pg. 1021)

Answer 50

Myolohyoid: O= myolohyoid line of mandible. I= myolohyoid raphe and body oh hyoid. I= nerve to myolohyoid. A= elevates hyoid during swallowing/speaking Geniohyoid: O= inferior mental spine of mandible. I= body of hyoid. I= C1 hypoglossal nerve. A= pulls hyoid anterosuperioly. Stylohyoid: O= styloid process of temporal bone. I= body of hyoid. I= stylohyoid branch of facial nerve. A= elevates and retracts hyoid Digastric: O= digastric fossa of mandible (anterior belly), mastoid notch of temporal bone (posterior bely), I= intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hy. I= nerve to myolohyoid (anterior belly), digastric fance of facial nerve (posterior belly). A= works wtih infrahyoid muscles

Question 51

# sost Four infrahyoid muscles (OIIA)

Answer 51