Exam 1 Flashcards
Anatomical Position
Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture
subject standing straight, eyes direced anterioly, upper extremity by sides with palms forward, lower extremities close together, feet parallel toes forward
Anatomical planes
Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture
Terms of relationship and comparison
Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture
Superficial/deep
medial/lateral
anterior/posterior
proximal/distal
superior inferior/
Terms of laterality
bilateral
unilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture
Bilateral- Both sides
Unilateral- One side
Ipsilateral- Same side
Contralateral- Opposite side
Terms of movement
Flexion/Extension
-Abduction/Adduction
-Rotation
-Circumduction
-Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation
-Elevation/Depression
-Pronation/Supination
-Protrusion/Retrusion
-Protraction/Retraction
Be comfortable with basic anatomical terminology (p. 5-11); lecture
Flexion/Extension= flexion is bending or decreasing the angle, extension is straightening or increasing angle (typically found in saggital plane and transverse axis)
-Abduction/Adduction= abduction is moving away from the median plane , adduction is moving towards it
-Rotation= turning over revolving apart of the body around its longitudinal axis
-Circumduction= circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in such a way the distal end of the part moves in a circle
-Medial Rotation/Lateral Rotation- medial rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, and lateral rotation takes the anterior surface away from the median plane
-Elevation/Depression- elevation raises or moves a part superiorly (ex. elevating the shoulders when shrugging). Depression lowers or moves a part inferiorly (ex. pulling the tongue away from the palate)
-Pronation/Supination= pronation rotates radius medially so that the palm faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly, supination is the opposite rotational movement, rotating radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna
-Protrusion/Retrusion= protrusion is a movement anteriorly as in protruding the mandible, lips or tongue
-Protraction/Retraction=causes shoulders to move anteriorly or posteriorly
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Distinguish the parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Be able to identify bones in
each region. p.19, fig I.11
Appendicular= consists of bones of the limbs, including thee forming of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
Axial= bones of the head, neck, and trunk ( includes sacrum)
1)Fibrous Joints
2) Cartilaginous Joints
3) Synovial Joints
Classify joints by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and provide examples of
each joint type. p. 24-26
Fibrous Joints=
Sutures (of the Skull)
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
2) Cartilaginous Joints
Primary cartilaginous joints
- epiphyseal plate
Secondary cartilaginous joints
- symphysis
(pubic,intervertebral disks)
Patty Hates Sore Cool People Biting
Plane= Uniaxial, allows rotational movement (c1 and c2)
-Hinge= Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension (knee, elbow)
-Saddle= biaxial allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements movements (first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
-Condyloid= biaxial joint, allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction. and circumduction movements. (radiocarpal joint of wrist)
-Pivot= multiaxial joint, allows inervsion/eversion, or flexion/extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral columm ( intertarsal joints of foot)
-Ball and Socket= multiaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumducton, and medial/lateral rotation movments (shoulder and hip joints)
What vertebrae and primary and secondary curvatures? Describe curvature of each
p. 104-105 Identify and describe the curvatures of the vertebral column. Know which
are primary and which are secondary. Distinguish between the typical and altered
curvatures of the vertebral column p. 115-117. Consider how alterations to the vertebral
curvatures would affect other structures of the vertebral column (e.g. muscles, ligaments
Cervical +Lumbar= lordosis (inward) and are secondary curavtures. Appear as a result of weightbearing
Thoracic + sacral= kypohsis (outward) and are primary curvatures. They are present at birth and dont change
Describe scoliosis, excessive lordosis and kyphosis
p. 104-105 Identify and describe the curvatures of the vertebral column. Know which
are primary and which are secondary. Distinguish between the typical and altered
curvatures of the vertebral column p. 115-117. Consider how alterations to the vertebral
curvatures would affect other structures of the vertebral column (e.g. muscles, ligaments
Atlas vertebrae(c1)
Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85
Axis vertebrae (c2)
Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85
Cervical vertebrae
what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets
Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85
Has a transverse foramen, anterior and posterior tuberecles, blifid spinous process, facets run superioly and inferiouly they also are slightly horizontal
Thoracic Vertebrae
what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets
Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85
long spinous processes that point downward, vertical articular facets (superior facet direction slightly laterally, inferior directed slightly medially), transverse proceses have faces that articular with ribs
Lumbar verterabrae
what are its specific parts?
describe orientation of the artiuclar facets
Identify the specific parts of a vertebra. Compare the structure of vertebrae from each
region of the vertebral column. Analyze how the differences in vertebral structure
influence the movements that are possible or limited in each region. Identify the
oreintation of the articular facets, note how the orientation of the facets changes from
region in the vertebral column, and discuss how that change in orientation influences the
movements that are allowed or restricted in each region of the vertebral column p.75-85
short spious proceses, massive body,vertical facets. Superior facets directed medially, inferior facets directed laterally)
Zygapophyseal joints location, type, and amount of mobility
Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility
allowed. p. 97-100 (zygapophyseal joints, IVD symphysis, uncovertebral joints
they are the Joints of the vertebral arches between the superior and inferior artiuclar proceses
- plane synovial joints (uniaxial allows one movement), movement is gliding
Intervertebral Discs (IV)
IV location, type, and amount of mobility
Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility
allowed. p. 97-100 (zygapophyseal joints, IVD symphysis, uncovertebral joints
between the vertebral bodies, shock absorbers, each disk forms a fibrocartaliginous joint
Unconvertebral joints
Common site of what? what type of joint, what location
Identify the joints of the vertebral column by location, type, and amount of mobility
common site of bone spur formation, synovial joints, found in cercial vertebrae C3-C7
Anatomical reason for intertebral disc herniations
Describe the structure of the intervertebral disc (identify the parts of the disc) and
explain the anatomical basis for the typical intervertebral disc herniation. p. 97;109-110
Herniations are most common in lumbar region because they experience the most forces
Can withstand compressive and tensile forces, cant withstand shear forces well during rotation
Herniations are most common in the posterior direction because the nucleus polposus is located to the posterior side, also because posterior longitudinal ligament is smaller and weaker than anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior lognitudinal ligament
Location? Function?
Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101
Function= limits extension, all others ligaments limit flexion
Location= covers anteriolateral aspect of the vertebral bodies
Posterior Longitudinal ligament
Location? Function?
Describe the location and function of ligaments that reinforce the vertebral column.
Analyze how the location of individual of ligaments will influence the mobility or
stability of the vertebral column. p. 99-101
much weaker and narrower compared to anterior longitudinal liagament
Location= runs along vertebral bodies
Function= resists hyperflexion, prevents posterior herniations
Spinal bifida
Common cause of spinal bifida?What is it classified as? How to reduce chances of it?
Effect on vertebral structure?
Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is
altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis,
spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture
Failure of the vertebral laminae to fuse to form the spinous process is associated with spina bifida
Spina bifida occulta most common version, when neural arches of L5 and S1 fail to devleop normally. Bony defect is present in 24% of population. In the severe types spina bifida, spinda bifida cystica, one or more vertebral arches fail to develop completely
reduced with maternal prenatal intake of folic acid
spondylosis, spondylolysis, spondylolithesis
Effect on vertebral anatomy of each
Identify examples of altered vertebral structure, and note how the vertebral anatomy is
altered in each example (spina bifida, spinal stenosis, spondylosis, spondylolysis,
spondylolisthesis, lumbarization of S1, sacralization of L5); pg.93-96; lecture
spondylosis= Intervertebral disc narrows-allowing vertebral bodies to approach one another—may result in bone spurs or degenerative changes leading to pain (e.g. pressure on the nerve root)
spondylolysis= fracture through the pars interarticularis (scottie dog with collar)
spondylolithesis= fracture through pars interarticularis accompanied by anterior displacement of the vertebral body (scottie dog decapitated) can be caused from trauma like from football or gymnastics
Meningeal layers?
Spinal Cord p. 130-139
Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. Identify the meningeal layers
PAD, deep to superficial
Pia Mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Epidural space (between periosteum) and Subarachnoid (between arachnoid mater and pia mater) space are also associated with spinal meninges
Explain the numering of spinal nerves?
Analyze the relationship of the spinal cord to the bones of the vertebral column.
Determine how spinal nerves are numbered. Fig 2.44
All cervical vertebraes nerves are above the vetebrae of that number. Ex: C4s spinal nerve is above it.
all other regions the spinal nerve is under the vertebrae
somatomor, somotosensory?
Describe the structure of a typical spinal nerve in the thoracic region. Identify the types
of nerve cells (somatomotor, somatosensory, or both) found in each component. Trace
the path of somatosensory and somatomotor nerves as they travel to or from skin and
muscle of the anterior and posterior body. Know the function and location of the rami
communitcantes
(also see Introduction, p.49-52
somatic motor fibers= send impulses to skeletal muscles
somatosensory system= produce touch, temp, body posiiton, and pain
Procedure for spinal tap?
Describe the procedure for a spinal tap. Explain the anatomical basis for the location of
the needle puncture. Identify and determine the order of structures pierced by the needle.
p. 138
Its the removal of CSF from the lumbar cistern (space between the medually cone and termination of dural sac).
Procedure is done by patient flexing vertebral column.. This spreads apart the vertebral laminae and spinous processes. Needl goes in L4-L5 space
Determine the anatomical basis of the lumbar cistern: what vertebral level does the adult
spinal cord end? What vertebral level does the dural sac end?
lumbar cistern= space between the medually cone and termination of dural sac
adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 vertebral bodies
dural sec ends at S2
Blood supply of the cross sectional areas? Where do they run to?
Describe the blood supply of the spinal cord p. 137-138
Two small posterior spinal arteries supply the posterior 1/3 of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord
The anterior spinal artery supplies approximately 2/3 of the anterior cross-sectional area of the spinal cord
All of these arteries run from the medulla of the brainstem to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord
Define a dermatome and myotome.
(see also p. 51)
dermatome= single spinal nerve supplying an area of skin, dorsal root
Myotome: single spinal nerve supplying skeletal muscles, ventral root,
Platysma
Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action
identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma,
sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)
on anterior side of neck
Origin= inferior border of mandible, skin
Insertion= fascia covering superior parts of deltoid and pectoralis major
Innervatiin= cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
Action= draws corner of mouth interioly and widnes for expressions of sadness and fright
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action
identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma,
sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)
Origin= lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion=
sternal head: anterior surface of manubrium
Clavicular head: superior surface of medial third of clavicle
Innervation= spinal acessory nerve (CN XI, motor)
Main Action=
unilateral contraciton: laterally flexes neck and rotates it
bilateral contraction= extends neck at atlantooccipital joints, flexes cervical vertebrae so chin appraoches manubrium, extends superior cervical vertebrae
Trapezius
Location, bone attachment sites, innervation, and action
identify the location, bone attachment sites, innervation and action of the platysma,
sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles (Table 9.2; pg.1010)
extrinsic muscle, posterior superior superficial surface of back
origin= medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberence, nuchal ligament
Insertion= lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation= spinal acessory nerve (CN XI; motor)
Main action= elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula inferioly
mgsd Suprahyoid Muscles
Identify the four suprahyoid muscles, short OIIA of each
Identify the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles (Table 9.3; pg. 1021)
Myolohyoid:
O= myolohyoid line of mandible. I= myolohyoid raphe and body oh hyoid. I= nerve to myolohyoid. A= elevates hyoid during swallowing/speaking
Geniohyoid:
O= inferior mental spine of mandible. I= body of hyoid. I= C1 hypoglossal nerve. A= pulls hyoid anterosuperioly.
Stylohyoid:
O= styloid process of temporal bone. I= body of hyoid. I= stylohyoid branch of facial nerve. A= elevates and retracts hyoid
Digastric:
O= digastric fossa of mandible (anterior belly), mastoid notch of temporal bone (posterior bely), I= intermediate tendon to body and greater horn of hy. I= nerve to myolohyoid (anterior belly), digastric fance of facial nerve (posterior belly). A= works wtih infrahyoid muscles
sost
Four infrahyoid muscles (OIIA)
