Exam 1 Flashcards
Planes of motion + axises of rotation
Sagittal - cuts the body into L + R
mediolateral AOR
forward/backward movements
ex: flexion/extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
Frontal – cuts the body into front + back
anterioposterior AOR
side to side movements
ex: abduction/adduction, lateral flexion, elevation/depression, inversion/eversion, radial/ulnar deviation
Transverse - cuts the body into top + bottom
longitudinal AOR
rotation movements
ex: left/right rotation, medial/lateral rotation, supination/pronation, horizontal abduction/adduction
Degrees of freedom + identify how many occur at a specific joint
Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move
Uniaxial - 1 Degree of Freedom
Example: Humeroulnar Joint; hinge joints; pivot joints
Biaxial - 2 degrees of Freedom
Example: Carpal Joint; saddle joints; condyloid joints; gliding joints; ellipsoid joints
Triaxial - 3 degrees of Freedom
Example: Glenohumeral Joint; ball-and-socket joints
Draw + label the stress-strain curve
Explain viscoelastic, anisotropic, hysteresis
Viscoelastic - response depends on the rate and duration of loading
Anisotropic - response depends on the direction of load application
Hysteresis - energy lost in a viscoelastic material
Explain how we maintain articular cartilage joint health
We maintain articular cartigate joint health through the sponge effect. The sponge effect refers to the ability of healthy articular cartilage to absorb synovial fluid when pressure is applied to a joint and releases/distributes it when the pressure is removed. This process helps to maintain joint lubrication and function to keep the articular cartilage joint healthy.
Identify the close packed position for joints
The closed-pack position for joints is when there is maximum contact between the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint, resulting in maximum compression of the surfaces. Forces travel through the joint as if it did not exist.
Talocural joint: dorsiflexion
Tibofemoral joint: extension
Glenohumeral joint: abduction + ER
Humeroulnar joint: extension
Radialcarpal joint: extension
Acetabulofemoral joint: flexion, abduction, + ER
What movement specific ligaments resist
C-spine
Legamentum nauche - cervical flexion
Clavicle
Anterior, Superior, and Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament - medial clavical deviation
Conoid + Trapeziod (Caracoclavicular Ligament) - superior motion of the clavical
Acromioclavicular Ligament - superior motion of the clavical
Shoulder
Anterior Glenohumeral + Inferior Glenohumeral - anterior inferior displacement of the humerus
Elbow
Medial Colateral Ligament - valgus stress
Lateral Colateral Ligament - varus stress
Annular Ligament - radial head dislocation
Wrist
Radial Colateral Ligament - ulnar deviation
Ulnar Colateral Ligament - radial deviation
TFCC - excessive radial ulnar movement
Knee
ACL - anterior translation of the tibia on femur
PCL - posterior translation of the tibia on femur
MCL - valgus stress
LCL - varus stress
Ankle
ATF, CF, PTF - inversion
Deltiod Ligament - eversion
Tibiofibular Ligament - tibiofibular seperation
Types of reflexes + how they protect us
Reflexes protect us by bypassing the brain and going to the spinal cord straight to the muscle, to allow for contraction when we experience heat or pain
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc (Inverse Stretch Reflex)
Myotatic Reflex (inverse stretch reflex) - causes contraction of a muscle being stretched
Flexor Reflex
Initiated by painful stimulus
Cutaneous Reflex
Causes relaxation of muscle with heat or massage
Propriospinal Reflex
Reflexes are processed on both sides of the spinal cord
Crossed-extensor reflex
Causes extension of flexed limb when contralateral limb rapidly flexes
Example; stepping on a nail
Tonic Neck Reflex
Causes flexion or extension of the limbs when head flexes or extends
Example of different types of joints (pivot joints, etc.) - each type of joint
Hinge Joint - Elbow
Pivot Joint - Radioulnar
Condylar Joint - Knee
Ellipsoid Joint - Metacarpophalangeal
Saddle Joint - Thumb
Ball-and-socket Joint - Shoulder
A.V. Hill (model) - List and identify each structure
Contractile (CC) - converts stimulation into force (myosin and actin)
Parallel elastic (PEC) - allows the muscle to be stretched (connective tissue)
Series elastic (SEC) - transfers muscle force to the bone (tendon)
Why is there a delay between the electrical signal and the force being produced in EMG?
Why is there an electrical mechanical delay?
Causes
Diffusion of chemicals, specifically, calcium
Removing the slack from the tendon
Force velocity curve - explain why force goes down as velocity goes up
Inverse relationship
Higher velocity = less time for cross-bridges to form = lower force
Lower velocity = more time for cross-bridges to form = higher force
Identify the difference between efferent and afferent neurons
Efferent neurons - motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system toward the muscles to cause movement
Afferent neurons - sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli toward the central nervous system and brain
Sliding Filament Theory
- Initial depolarization of the neuron
- Na (pushed in) and K (pushed out) channels open and create a wave of depolarization down the neuron
- ACH is released across the synaptic cleft and binds to muscle receptors
- Depolarization of the sarcolemma
- Calcium is released from the SR and goes into the muscle
- Calcium binds to troponin C causing tropomyosin to open the binding sites on actin
- Myosin binds to actin
- ATPase breaks down ATP
- Myosin head detaches from actin
- Calcium is released from the muscle and a repolarization occurs
Length tension relationship chart
