Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 110 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

The smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances
Cannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Proton

A

positive charge (+)
found in atomic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neutron

A

neutral
found in atomic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Electron

A

negative charge (−)
found in orbitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What gives an atom a no net charge?

A

Equal # of protons and electrons

Neutrons may vary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Orbitals

A

Regions surrounding the Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Covalent
* nonpolar
*polar

A

Sharing of electrons in chemical bonds to fill valence shells
Equally sharing electrons
Unequally sharing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ion

A

atom loses or gains one or more electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atomic Number

A

Equal to the number or Protons and Electrons (no net charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pH (all about it)

A

1-6= acidic
7= neutral
8-…=alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dalton

A

measures atomic mass
(amu)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mole

A

6.022x 10^23 (Avogadro’s number)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Any molecule composed of two or more elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

group of two or more atoms bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom from another molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Isotope

A

Multiple forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Solute

A

something dissolved into a solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid the solute is dissolved in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Molarity

A

the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“water-fearing”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Electrons are transferred, forming ions that are attracted to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms are stable when their outer shell is full (8 electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Free Radicals

A

*Molecule containing an atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outer shell
*Highly reactive molecules; can “steal” an electron from other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Energy to boil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Heat of fusion

A

Energy to melt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Colligative properties

A

Properties that depend strictly on the total number of dissolved solute particles, not on the type of solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Acids

A

are molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution
(hydrogen peroxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bases

A

Lowers the hydrogen concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the effects of pH

A

*The shapes and functions of molecules
*The rates of many chemical reactions
*The ability of two molecules to bind to each other
*The ability of ions or molecules to dissolve in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Buffers

A

help to maintain a constant pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Macromolecules

A

large, complex organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Functional Groups

A

Groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Isomers

A

Two molecules with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Structural Isomers

A

contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Stereoisomers
and 2 kinds

A

identical bonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers
Cis-trans isomers - positioning around double bond
Enantiomers - mirror image molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the Four major types of organic molecules and macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
Most of the carbon atoms in a carbohydrate are linked to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest sugars Most common are 5 or 6 carbons
Different ways to depict structures
*Ring
*Linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Disaccharides

A

Composed of two monosaccharides
Joined by dehydration or condensation reaction
*Glycosidic bond
Examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Links monomers to form polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Polymers broken down into monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
Examples:
Energy storage – starch, glycogen
Structural – cellulose, chitin, glycosaminoglycans, peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Lipids

A

*Composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and some oxygen
*Defining feature of lipids is that they are nonpolar and therefore very insoluble in water
*Include fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
*Lipids comprise about 40% of the organic matter in the average human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fats

A

*Known as triglycerides
*Formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids
*Joined by dehydration; resulting bond is an ester bond
*important for energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Fatty Acids (saturated and unsaturated)

A

Saturated – all carbons have the maximal amount of hydrogens
Tend to be solid at room temperature
Unsaturated – contain one or more double bonds
Tend to be liquid at room temperature (known as oils)
Cis forms naturally; trans formed artificially
Trans fats are linked to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cis

A

forms naturally

48
Q

Trans

A

forms artificially

49
Q

Phospholipids

A

Formed from glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules
Phosphate head – polar/hydrophilic
Fatty acid tail – nonpolar/hydrophobic

50
Q

Phospholipids with the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids will form an enclosed sphere, and are critical to the structure of the plasma membrane

51
Q

Steroids

A

Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
Usually insoluble in water
Example: Cholesterol

52
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
Building blocks of proteins are amino acids

53
Q

Polypeptide Formation

A

Amino acids joined by dehydration reaction

54
Q

Primary structure

A

Amino acid sequence
Determined by genes
Ribonuclease – 124 amino acids

55
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Chemical and physical interactions cause protein folding

56
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Folding gives protein complex 3D shape
This is the final level of structure for a single polypeptide chain

57
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Made up of two or more polypeptides
Individual polypeptide chains are protein subunits
Protein can be formed from several copies of the same polypeptide

58
Q

What are the 5 factors that promote protein folding and stability?

A

Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds and other polar interactions
Hydrophobic effects
Van der Waals forces
Disulfide bridges – link the –S H groups in two cysteine side chains together

59
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Responsible for the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information
Monomer is nucleotide

60
Q

DNA

A

Stores genetic information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers

61
Q

RNA

A

Decodes D N A into instructions for linking together a specific sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

62
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest units of life
New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division

63
Q

In Microscopy, what are the 3 important parameters?

A

Resolution
Ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another
Contrast
How different one structure looks from another
Contrast can be enhanced by special dyes to reveal cellular structure
Magnification
Ratio between the size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size

64
Q

Light Microscopy

A

Uses light for illumination
Resolution 0.2 micrometer

65
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Uses a beam of electrons for illumination
Resolution 2 nanometer (100 times better)

66
Q

Standard light microscope

A

Light is focused with glass lenses
Light passes directly through sample

67
Q

Phase Contrast Microscope

A

Microscope amplifies differences in phase of light transmitted or reflected by sample
Improved contrast of denser structures

68
Q

Differential interference contrast (D I C or Nomarski microscopy)

A

Another method using optics to improve contrast
Good for internal cellular structures

69
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

Beam of electrons transmitted through sample
Thin slices stained with heavy metals
Some electrons are scattered while others pass through to form an image

70
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

Sample coated with heavy metal
Beam scans surface to make 3D image

71
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Simple cell structure
No nucleus

72
Q

Eukaryotes

A

More complex cells
D N A enclosed within membrane-bound nucleus
Internal membranes form organelles

73
Q

What are the 2 types of Prokaryote cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria- small cells, very abundant
Archaea- Small cells, less common (found in extreme environments)

74
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

DNA is located

75
Q

Ribosomes

A

Synthesize Proteins (make proteins)

76
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins; barrier between interior of the cell and external environment
Functions:
Membrane transport in and out of cell, with selective permeability
Cell signaling using receptors
Cell adhesion

77
Q

Glycocalyx

A

traps water, gives protection, help evade immune system (capsule)

78
Q

Cells have the same DNA, but all have different ______

A

Proteomes

79
Q

What does surface are have to do with a cell?

A

As cells get larger, the surface area-to-volume ratio gets smaller. This affects cell function
High surface area/volume ratio required for adequate nutrient update and waste export

80
Q

Cytosol

A

Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane
Cytosol is central coordinating region for metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells

81
Q

Metabolism
* Catabolism
*Anabolism

A

M- the sum of all the chemical reactions of a cell
C- Breakdown of a molecule into smaller components
A- Synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules

82
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Makes ATP

83
Q

In the Cytoskeleton, what are the 3 types of protein filaments?

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments

84
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, hollow, cylindrical structures composed of a- and b-tubulin; have a plus end and minus end
Microtubules important for cell shape and organization; movement of chromosomes

85
Q

Microtubule-organizing center (M T O C)

A

Site in the Eukaryote where microtubules grow

86
Q

Dynamic Instability

A

single microtubule can oscillate between growing and shortening phases

87
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

*Found in many but not all animal species
*Intermediate filament proteins bind and form ropelike structures – function as tension-bearing fibers that maintain cell shape and rigidity

88
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Known as Microfilaments
Have plus and minus ends and are dynamic structures
Play a key role in cell shape and strength
In many cells actin filaments support the plasma membrane and provide shape to the cell

89
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Proteins that use A T P as a source of energy for movement
Three domains— the head, hinge, and tail

90
Q

What are the 3 types of movement of motor proteins?

A

Motor protein carries cargo along the filament
Motor protein remains in place, the filament moves
Motor protein and filament both restrained – action of the motor protein exerts a force that bends the filament

91
Q

Flagella

A

Usually longer than cilia
Present singly or in pairs

92
Q

Cilia

A

Often shorter than flagella
Tend to cover all or part of the cell surface

93
Q

Both Flagella and Cilia do what?

A

Both flagella and cilia generate movement
Both contain an axoneme containing microtubules, the motor protein dynein, and linking proteins

94
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double-membrane structure enclosing nucleus

95
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

where inner and outer nuclear membranes make contact with each other

96
Q

Nuclear Matrix

A

nuclear lamina and an internal nuclear matrix
Filamentous network
Organizes chromosomes

97
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

*Network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules or cisternae
*ER membrane encloses a single compartment called the ER lumen

98
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes
Detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis, and modification of lipids

99
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes, Oxidized Enviornment
Involved in protein synthesis and sorting
-Glycosylation, Disulfide bridges

100
Q

Transitional ER

A

Site of Vesicle formation

101
Q

Golgi Apparatus
How do materials move through it?

A

Stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments
Vesicular transport – vesicles bud from one compartment and fuse to the next compartment
Cisternal maturation – cisterna mature from cis to medial to trans

102
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain acid hydrolases that perform hydrolysis

103
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling of worn-out organelles through endocytosis

104
Q

Vacuoles

A

Functions are extremely varied, and they differ among cell types and environmental conditions
Central vacuoles in plants for storage and support
Contractile vacuoles in protists for expelling excess water
Phagocytic vacuoles in protists and white blood cells for degradation

105
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

106
Q

Semiautonomous Organelles

A

*Mitochondria and chloroplasts
*Grow and divide to reproduce themselves
*They are not completely autonomous because they depend on the cell for synthesis of internal components

107
Q

Mitochondria

A

Make ATP
Also involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

108
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capture light energy and use some of that energy to synthesize organic molecules such as glucose

109
Q

Nuclear Genome

A

chromosomes in the nucleus

110
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

smaller species lives inside larger species

111
Q

What is protein sorting?

A

*Eukaryotic proteins are sorted to the right destination
*Most eukaryotic proteins contain short amino acid sequences that serve as sorting signals
*Remain in cytosol
*Cotranslational sorting
*Post-translational sorting

112
Q

Cotranslational sorting

A

Begins in cytosol during translation
E R signal sequence bound by signal recognition particle (S R P) and associates with E R channel
Second step in cotranslational sorting
Vesicle buds from E R membrane and fuses with the target membrane and protein is delivered

113
Q

Post translational Sorting

A

Synthesized in cytosol and taken up by target organelle
Short amino acid sequence directs the protein to its target where it is taken up from the cytosol
Proteins called chaperones can keep a protein in an unfolded state

114
Q

Systems Biology

A

the study of how new properties of life arise from complex interactions of its components

115
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

*Membrane is considered a mosaic of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate molecules
*Membrane resembles a fluid because lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within the membrane

116
Q

FFEM

A

Freeze fracture electron microscopy, specialized form of TEM, can be used to analyze the interiors of phospholipid bilayers

117
Q
A

Biology 110 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions