Chapter 11 EXAM 3

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

Building blocks for DNA and RNA

Question 2

Strand

Answer 2

Linear polymer strand of DNA or RNA

Question 3

Double Helix

Answer 3

Two strands of DNA

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

DNA wrapped around a different array of proteins into a complex structure

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

Complete amount of genetic material in an organism

Question 6

Nucleotides/nitrogenous bases

Answer 6

Adenine, Thymine
Guanine, Cytosine

Question 7

DNA Components-

Answer 7

Purines- Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines- Cytosine, Thymine

Question 8

RNA Components-

Answer 8

Purines- Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines- Cytosine, Uracil

Question 9

Phosphodiester Bonds

Answer 9

phosphate group links 2 sugars

Question 10

Backbone

Answer 10

Formed from phosphates and sugars

Question 11

Antiparallel Strands

Answer 11

One strand goes 5’ to 3’, while the other goes 3’ to 5’

Question 12

What are major and minor grooves?

Answer 12

Spaces or gaps between 2 strands in the DNA double helix
Major- Proteins bind to affect gene expression
Minor- Narrower so harder for proteins to bind

Question 13

Daughter Strands

Answer 13

Newly-made strands

Question 14

Parental Strands

Answer 14

Original strand

Question 15

What is the Chargoff Rule?

Answer 15

AT/GC base rule

Question 16

Origin of replication

Answer 16

An opening called a replication bubble that forms from 2 replication forks

Question 17

DNA Helicase

Answer 17

Protein/Enzyme
Helps to move replication fork forward by breaking H bonds
5’ to 3’

Question 18

DNA Topoisomerase

Answer 18

Protein/Enzyme
Relieves additional coiling ahead of the replication forks

Question 19

Single-strand binding proteins

Answer 19

Proteins
Keeps the parental strands open to act as templates

Question 20

DNA Polymerase

Answer 20

Enzyme
Covalently links nucleotides
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates provides the energy for them
ONLY 5’ to 3’

Question 21

DNA Primase

Answer 21

Makes the primer for Polymerase from RNA

Question 22

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 22

Part of the Lagging strand
Consists of RNA primers plus DNA

Question 23

DNA Ligase

Answer 23

Joins adjacent DNA fragments
>Fixes the nicks in the DNA

Question 24

3’ Overhang

Answer 24

Telomere at 3’ does not have a complementary strand so it hangs off

Question 25

Telomerase Enzyme

Answer 25

Attaches copies of DNA to ends of Chromosomes

Question 26

Cellular Senescence

Answer 26

Telomeres function decreases as organisms age

Question 27

Chromosome

Answer 27

Discreate unit of genetic material Composed of Chromatin

Question 28

Chromatin

Answer 28

DNA-Protein complex

Question 29

Euchromatin

Answer 29

Not as compact

Question 30

Heterochromatin

Answer 30

Much more compact

Question 31

Metaphase Chromatin

Answer 31

HIGHLY compact

Question 32

Which carbon in the sugar base of the nucleotide is the phosphate group attached to?

Answer 32

5'

Question 33

Which of the following is a purine? Select one: a. Adenine b. Serine c. Thymine d. Uracil e. Arginine

Answer 33

Adenine

Question 34

Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for 1 generation. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?

Answer 34

one half-heavy (intermediate to heavy and light) band.

Question 35

The bond that holds nucleotides together in the SAME chain or strand of DNA is called a _______ bond.

Answer 35

Phosphodiester Bond

Question 36

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine? Select one: adenine b. Uracil c. Cytosine d. Thymine

Answer 36

Adenine

Question 37

Two DNA strands are bound together with _____________________ bonds between Nitrogenous bases in a(n) ______________________ arrangement.

Answer 37

Hydrogen, antiparallel

Question 38

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

Answer 38

phosphates and sugars

Question 39

Which "prime" carbon is the nitrogenous base bound to in a nucleotide?

Answer 39

1

Question 40

Which of the following statements about telomeres is INCORRECT? Select one: a. Telomeres are found at the ends of chromosomes. b. Telomeres are lengthened by telomerase. c. Telomeres are crucial to the viability of a cell that replicates often. d. Telomeres are short repeat sequences. e. Telomeres would be longer in cells of older than younger individuals.

Answer 40

e

Question 41

The mechanism of DNA replication is

Answer 41

Semiconservative