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Biology 110 > Chapter 11 EXAM 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 EXAM 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks for DNA and RNA

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2
Q

Strand

A

Linear polymer strand of DNA or RNA

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3
Q

Double Helix

A

Two strands of DNA

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA wrapped around a different array of proteins into a complex structure

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5
Q

Genome

A

Complete amount of genetic material in an organism

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6
Q

Nucleotides/nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Thymine
Guanine, Cytosine

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7
Q

DNA Components-

A

Purines- Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines- Cytosine, Thymine

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8
Q

RNA Components-

A

Purines- Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines- Cytosine, Uracil

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9
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds

A

phosphate group links 2 sugars

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10
Q

Backbone

A

Formed from phosphates and sugars

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11
Q

Antiparallel Strands

A

One strand goes 5’ to 3’, while the other goes 3’ to 5’

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12
Q

What are major and minor grooves?

A

Spaces or gaps between 2 strands in the DNA double helix
Major- Proteins bind to affect gene expression
Minor- Narrower so harder for proteins to bind

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13
Q

Daughter Strands

A

Newly-made strands

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14
Q

Parental Strands

A

Original strand

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15
Q

What is the Chargoff Rule?

A

AT/GC base rule

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16
Q

Origin of replication

A

An opening called a replication bubble that forms from 2 replication forks

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17
Q

DNA Helicase

A

Protein/Enzyme
Helps to move replication fork forward by breaking H bonds
5’ to 3’

18
Q

DNA Topoisomerase

A

Protein/Enzyme
Relieves additional coiling ahead of the replication forks

19
Q

Single-strand binding proteins

A

Proteins
Keeps the parental strands open to act as templates

20
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme
Covalently links nucleotides
Deoxynucleotide triphosphates provides the energy for them
ONLY 5’ to 3’

21
Q

DNA Primase

A

Makes the primer for Polymerase from RNA

22
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Part of the Lagging strand
Consists of RNA primers plus DNA

23
Q

DNA Ligase

A

Joins adjacent DNA fragments
>Fixes the nicks in the DNA

24
Q

3’ Overhang

A

Telomere at 3’ does not have a complementary strand so it hangs off

25
Q

Telomerase Enzyme

A

Attaches copies of DNA to ends of Chromosomes

26
Q

Cellular Senescence

A

Telomeres function decreases as organisms age

27
Q

Chromosome

A

Discreate unit of genetic material
Composed of Chromatin

28
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA-Protein complex

29
Q

Euchromatin

A

Not as compact

30
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Much more compact

31
Q

Metaphase Chromatin

A

HIGHLY compact

32
Q

Which carbon in the sugar base of the nucleotide is the phosphate group attached to?

A

5’

33
Q

Which of the following is a purine?
Select one:
a. Adenine

b. Serine

c. Thymine

d. Uracil

e. Arginine

A

Adenine

34
Q

Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for 1 generation. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?

A

one half-heavy (intermediate to heavy and light) band.

35
Q

The bond that holds nucleotides together in the SAME chain or strand of DNA is called a _______ bond.

A

Phosphodiester Bond

36
Q

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?

Select one:

adenine

b. Uracil

c. Cytosine

d. Thymine

A

Adenine

37
Q

Two DNA strands are bound together with _____________________ bonds between Nitrogenous bases in a(n) ______________________ arrangement.

A

Hydrogen, antiparallel

38
Q

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

A

phosphates and sugars

39
Q

Which “prime” carbon is the nitrogenous base bound to in a nucleotide?

A

1

40
Q

Which of the following statements about telomeres is INCORRECT?

Select one:

a. Telomeres are found at the ends of chromosomes.

b. Telomeres are lengthened by telomerase.

c. Telomeres are crucial to the viability of a cell that replicates often.

d. Telomeres are short repeat sequences.

e. Telomeres would be longer in cells of older than younger individuals.

A

e

41
Q

The mechanism of DNA replication is

A

Semiconservative

Biology 110 (10 decks)

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